缩写简称：人物及档案

AH: 亚历山大·冯·洪堡

BL: 伦敦大英图书馆

Caroline Marsh（卡罗琳·马什）日记，NYPL：克瑞恩家族文书，纽约公共图书馆（手稿及档案部），阿斯特、勒诺克斯和蒂尔顿基金会

CH: 卡洛琳娜·冯·洪堡

CUL: 剑桥大学图书馆手稿及大学档案，科学手稿特藏部

DLC: 美国国会图书馆，华盛顿哥伦比亚特区

JM online：约翰·缪尔文书在线收藏；太平洋大学图书馆的霍尔特-阿瑟顿特藏馆，加利福尼亚州斯托克顿，缪尔-汉纳基金会（ä1984）

MHT: 太平洋大学图书馆的霍尔特-阿瑟顿特藏馆（加利福尼亚州斯托克顿），缪尔-汉纳基金会（ä1984） NYPL: 纽约公共图书馆

RS: 伦敦皇家学会 Stabi Berlin NL

AH: 普鲁士文化遗产基金会-柏林州立图书馆，亚历山大·冯·洪堡遗稿（洪堡手稿特藏）

TJ: 托马斯·杰斐逊

UVM: 乔治·帕金斯·马什特藏，佛蒙特大学图书馆

WH: 威廉·冯·洪堡

缩写简称：亚历山大·冯·洪堡的著作

AH Althaus Memoirs 1861: Briefwechsel und Gespräche Alexander von Humboldt’s mit einem jungen Freunde, aus den Jahren 1848 bis 1856 (《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与一位年轻朋友的通信与谈话，1848—1856 年》)

AH Ansichten 1808: Ansichten der Natur mit wissenschaftlichen Erläuterungen （《自然之观点以及科学的解释》）

AH Ansichten 1849: Ansichten der Natur mit wissenschaftlichen Erläuterungen, third and extended edition（《自然之观点以及科学的解释，第三版（增订版）》）

AH Arago Letters 1907: Correspondance d’Alexandre de Humboldt avec François Arago (1809-1853) ［《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与弗朗索瓦·阿拉戈的通信（1809—1853 年）》］

AH Aspects 1849: Aspects of Nature, in different Lands and Different Climates, with Scientific Elucidations （《在不同地区和气候的自然之观点以及科学的解释》）

AH Berghaus Letters 1863: Briefwechsel Alexander von Humboldt’s mit Heinrich Bergaus aus den Jahren 1825 bis 1858 （《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与海因里希·贝格豪斯的通信，1825-1858 年》）

AH Bessel Letters 1994: Briefwechsel zwischen Alexander von Humboldt und Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与弗雷德里希·威廉·贝塞尔之间的通信》)

AH Bäckh Letters 2011: Alexander von Humboldt und August Böckh. Briefwechsel (《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与奥古斯特·贝克的通信》)

AH Bonpland Letters 2004: Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland. Correspondance

1805-1858 (《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与艾梅·邦普兰的通信，1805-1858》)

AH Bunsen Letters 2006: Briefe von Alexander von Humboldt und Christian Carl Josias Bunsen（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与克里斯蒂安·卡尔·约西亚·布恩森的信件》）

AH Central Asia 1844: Central-Asien. Un t ers u chung en ü b er die Ge bi rg s ke t ten un d die vergleichende Klimatologie（《中亚：关于山脉与比较气候学的研究》）

AH Cordilleras 1814: Researches concerning the Institutions & Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of America with Descriptions & Views of some of the most Striking Scenes in the Cordilleras!（《关于古代美洲住民的制度及文物的研究以及美洲山系最壮观的景色一览》）

AH Cordilleren 1810: Pittoreske Ansichten der Cordilleren und Monumente Americanische Völker（《美洲山系一览，以及美洲人民的文物》）

AH Cosmos 1845-1852: Cosmos: Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe （《宇宙：世界的物理描述草图》）AH Cosmos 1878: 缪尔拥有的一部《宇宙》AH Cosmos Lectures 2004: Alexander von Humboldt. Die Kosmos-Vorträge 1827/28 （亚历山大·冯·洪堡，宇宙—讲座系列，1827—1828）

AH Cotta Lectures 2009: Alexander von Humboldt und Cotta. Briefwechsel（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与贝因哈特·冯·科塔的通信》）

AH Cuba 2011: Political Essay on the Island of Cuba. A Critical Edition（《关于古巴岛的政治随笔》）AH Diary 1982: Lateinamerika am Vorabend der Unabhängigkeitsrevolution: eine Anthologie von Impressionen und Urteilen au s seinen Rei se ta ge bü ch er n（《独立前夕的拉丁美洲：旅行日记中所摘出的印象与评论》）

AH Diary 2000: Reise durch Venezuela. Auswahl aus den Amerikanishchen Rei se ta ge bü ch er n（《在委内瑞拉的旅行：美洲旅行日记选摘》）

AH Dia r y 2003: Rei se auf de m Río Ma g da lena, durch die Anden und Mexico（《在马格达莱纳河上以及穿越安第斯山脉和墨西哥的旅行》）

AH Dirichlet Letters 1982: Briefwechsel zwischen Alexander von Humboldt und P. G. Lejeune Dirichlet （《亚历山大·冯·洪堡和 P. G. 勒热纳·狄利克雷的通信》）

AH du Bois-Reymond Letters 1997: Briefwechsel zwischen Alexander von Humboldt und Emil du Bois-Reymond （《亚历 山大·冯·洪堡和埃米尔·杜博瓦-雷蒙的通信》）

AH Fragments Asia 1832: Fragmente einer Geologie und Klimatologie Asiens（《亚洲地质和气候学片断》）

AH Friedrich Wilhelm IV Letters 2013: Alexander von Humboldt. Frederich Wilhelm IV. Briefwechsel（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与腓特烈·威廉四世：通信》）

AH Gauä Letters 1977: Briefwechsel zwischen Alexander von Humboldt und Carl Friedrich Gauß （《亚历山大·冯·洪堡和卡尔·弗雷德里希·高斯的通信》）

AH Geography 1807: Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen nebst einem Naturgemälde der Tropenländer（《植物地理学思想以及一幅热带国度的自然之图》）

AH Geography 2009: Essay on the Geography of Plants（《植物地理学随笔》）

AH Kosmos 1845—1850: Kosmos. Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung（《宇宙：一种对世界的自然描述的方案》）

AH Letters 1973: Die Jugendbriefe Alexander von Humboldts 1787-1799（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡青年时代的信件，17871799》）

AH Letters America 1993: Briefe aus Amerika 1799-1804

AH Letters America 2009: Briefe aus Russland 1829

AH Letters America 2004: Alexander von Humboldt und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Briefwechsel（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与美利坚合众国：通信》）

AH Mendelssohn Letters 2011: Alexander von Humboldt. Familie Mendelssohn. Briefwechsel（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与门德尔松家族：通信》）

AH New Spain 1811: Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain（《关于新西班牙王国的政治随笔》）

AH Personal Narrative 1814-1829: Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent during the years 1799-1804（《去往新大陆赤道地区的旅行故事，1799-1804》）

AH Personal Narrative 1907: 缪尔拥有的一本 Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent during the years 1799-1804

AH Schumacher Letters 1979: Briefwechsel zwischen Alexander von Humboldt und Heinrich Christian Schumacher（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与海因里希·克里斯蒂安·舒马赫的通信》）

AH Spiker Letters 2007: Alexander von Humboldt. Samuel Heinrich Spiker. Briefwechsel（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与塞缪尔·海因里希·史皮克：通信》）

AH Varnhagen Letters 1860: Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡写给法恩哈根·冯·恩瑟的信件》）

AH Views 1896: 缪尔所拥有的一本《自然之观点》

AH Views 2014: Views of Nature（《自然之观点》）

AH WH Letters 1880: Briefe Alexander’s von Humboldt und seinen Bruder Wilhelm（《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与兄长威廉的通信》） Terra 1959: “Alexander von Humboldt”s Correspondence with Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin’(《亚历山大·冯·洪堡与杰斐逊、麦迪逊和加勒廷的通信》）

缩写简称：一般资料

Darwin Beagle Diary 2001: Beagle Diary （《小猎犬号日记》）

Darwin Correspondence：The Correspondence of Charles Darwin（《查尔斯·达尔文的通信》） Goethe AH WH Letters 1876：Goethe’s Briefwechsel mit den Gebrüdern von Humboldt（《歌德与洪堡兄弟的通信》） Goethe Correspondence 1968-1976：Goethes Briefe Goethe Diary 1998-2007: Johann Wolfgang Goethe: Tagebücher （《约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德日记》） Goethe Eckermann 1999: Johann Peter Eckermann, Gespräche mit Goethe in den Letzten Jahren seines Lebens（《歌德晚年语录》） Goethe Encounters 1965-2000: Goethe Begegnungen und Gespräche(《歌德的际遇与语录》）, 编辑：恩斯特·格鲁马赫（Ernst Grumach）和雷纳特·格鲁马赫（Renate Grumach） Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909: Goethes Briefwechsel mit Wilhelm und Alexander v.Humboldt （《歌德与洪堡兄弟的通信》）, 编辑：路德维希·盖格尔（Ludwig Geiger） Goethe Letters 1980-2000: Briefe an Goethe, Gesamtausgabe in Regestform （《歌德信件全编》）, 编辑：卡尔·海因茨·哈恩（Karl Heinz Hahn） Goethe Morphologie 1987: Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Schriften zur Morphologie （约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德，《形态学论著》） Goethe Natural Science 1989: Johann Wolfga ng Goethe. Schriften zur Allgemeinen Naturlehre, Geologie und Mineralogie （约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德，《普通自然学、地质学及矿物学论著》）, 编辑：沃尔夫·冯·恩格尔哈特（Wolf von Engelhardt）、曼弗雷德·文策尔（Manfred Wenzel） Goethe’s Day 1982–1996: Goethes Leben von Tag zu Tag: Eine Dokumentarische Chronik（《歌德的日常生活：资料编年》）, 编辑：罗伯特·斯坦格（Robert Steiger） Goethe’s Year 1994: Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Tag-und Jahreshefte （《约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德，日与年的记录》）, 编辑：伊尔姆特劳特·施密德（Irmtraut Schmid） Haeckel Bälsche Letters 2002: Ernst Haeckel–Wilhelm Bölsche. Briefwechsel

1887-1919（《恩斯特·海克尔与威廉·波尔什的通信，1887-1919 年》）, 编辑：罗斯玛丽·虐特里希（Rosemarie Näthlich） Madison Papers SS: The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series（《詹姆斯·麦迪逊档案：国务卿系列》）, 编辑：大卫·B. 马特恩（David B. Mattern）等 Muir Journal 1867-1868, JM online: John Muir, Manuscript Journal ‘The “thousand mile walk” from Kentucky to Florida and Cuba, September 1867-February 1868’（日记手稿“从肯塔基到佛罗里达和古巴的千里远征”，1867 年 9 月至 1868 年 2 月）, MHT Muir Journal ‘Sierra’, summer 1869（1887）,

MHT: John Muir, Manuscript ‘Sierra Journal’, vol.1: summer 1869, 笔记本, 约 1887 年, MHT Muir Journal ‘Sierra’, summer 1869（1910）,

MHT: John Muir, ‘Sierra Journal’, vol.1: summer 1869, 打印稿, 约 1910 年, MHT Muir Journal ‘World Tour’, pt.1, 1903, JM online: John Muir, Manuscript Journal,‘World Tour’（《寰宇之游》）, pt.1, June–July 1903, MHT Schiller and Goethe 1856: Briefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe in den Jahren 1794-1805 （《席勒与歌德在 1794—1805 年间的通信》） Schiller Letters 1943-2003: Schillers Werke: Nationalausgabe.Briefwechsel（《席勒全集：通信》）, 编辑：尤里乌斯·佩特森（Julius Petersen）和格哈德·弗里克（Gerhard Fricke） Thoreau Correspondence 1958: The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau （《亨利·大卫·梭罗的信件》）,编辑：沃尔特·哈丁（ Walter Harding）和卡尔·博德（Carl Bode） Thoreau Excursion and Poems 1906: The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: Excursion and Poems （《亨利·大卫·梭罗文集：游历与诗歌》） Thoreau Journal 1906: The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: Journal（《亨利·大卫·梭罗文集：日记》）, 编辑：布拉德福德·托里（Bradford Torrey） Thoreau Journal 1981–2002: The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau: Journal（《亨利·大卫·梭罗文集：日记》）, 编辑：罗伯特·赛特尔梅尔（Robert Sattelmeyer）等 Thoreau Walden 1910: Walden （《瓦尔登湖》） TJ Papers RS: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series（《托马斯·杰斐逊档案：退休系列》）, Jeff Looney 等编辑 WH CH Letters 1910-1916: Wilhelm und Caroline von Humboldt in ihren Briefen （《通信中的威廉与卡洛琳娜·冯·洪堡》）, 洪堡家族编辑

前言

1 关于 AH 攀登钦博拉索峰的描述：AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, p.48; AH, About an Attempt to Climb to the Top of Chimborazo, Kutzinski 2012, pp.135–155; AH, 23 June 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.100–109.

2 一切有机生命的迹象都消失了：AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, p.49.

2 “我们就像被困在一个热气球里”：AH, About an Attempt to Climb to the Top of Chimborazo, Kutzinski 2012, p.143.

2 “多壮美的景象”：Ibid., p.142.

2 地缝的尺寸：AH 曾给出不同的测量数据，例如 400 英尺深、60 英尺宽 Ibid., p.142.

2 AH 测量的海拔高度 5 917.16 米：AH, 23 June 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.106.

3 AH 与拿破仑：Ralph Waldo Emerson to John F. Heath, 4 August 1842, Emerson 1939, vol.3, p.77.

3 “半个美洲人”：Rossiter Raymond, 14 May 1859, AH Letters USA 2004, p.572.

3 “笛卡尔式的漩涡”：AH to Karl August Varnhagen, 31 July 1854, Humboldt Varnhagen Letters 1860, p.235.

3 “最好三件事情同时发生”：AH, quoted in Leitzmann 1936, p.210.

4 “自然之爱”：Arnold Henry Guyot, 2 June 1859, Humboldt Commemorations,Journal of the American Geographical and Statistical Society, vol.1, no.8, October1859, p.242; Rachel Carson’sThe Sense of Wonder, 1965.

4 自然与感受：AH to Goethe, 3 January 1810, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.305.

4 “同时追踪世界上所有的现象线索”：Matthias Jacob Schleiden, 14 September 1869, Jahn 2004.

4 “如同天然望远镜与显微镜……”：Ralph Waldo Emerson, notes for Humboldt speech on 14 September 1869, Emerson 1960-1992, vol.16, p.160.

5 “在这条因与果的巨长链条中”：AH Geography 2009, p.79; AH Geography 1807, p.39.

5 气候变化：AH Personal Narrative 18141829, vol.4, p.140ff.; AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.216.

5 森林的生态学功能：AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.126–127; AH Views 2014, p.83; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.158; AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4,p.477.

5 “子孙后代”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.143.

5 “我们时代最伟大的荣光之一”：Thomas Jefferson to Carlo de Vidua, 6 August 1825, AH Letters USA 2004, p.171.

5 “没有什么能比阅读洪堡……更让我激动的事了”：Darwin to Alfred Russel Wallace, 22 September 1865, Darwin Correspondence, vol.13, p.238.

6 “新世界的发现者”：Bol í var to Madame Bonpland, 23 October 1823, Rippy and Brann 1947, p.701.

6 如同增长了好几年的人生阅历：Goethe to Johann Peter Eckermann, 12 December 1828, Goethe Eckermann 1999, p.183.

6 墨尔本和阿德莱德：Melbourner Deutsche Zeitung, 16 September 1869;South Australian Advertiser, 20 September 1869;South Australian Register, 22 September 1869;Standard, Buenos Aires, 19 September 1869;Two Republics, Mexico City, 19 September 1869;New York Herald, 1 October 1869;Daily Evening Bulletin, 2 November 1869.

6 “科学界的莎士比亚”：Hermann Trautschold, 1869, Roussanova 2013,p.45.

6 埃及的亚历山大城：Ibid.: Die Gartenlaube, no.43, 1869.

6 美国的庆祝活动：Desert News, 22 September 1869;New York Herald, 15 September 1869;New York Times, 15 September 1869;Charleston Daily Courier, 15 September 1869;Philadelphia Inquirer, 14 September 1869.

6 克利夫兰和锡拉丘兹：New York Herald, 15 September 1869.

6 匹兹堡：Desert News, 22 September 1869.

6 纽约的庆祝活动，“没有哪个国家可以独占”：New York Times, 15 September 1869;New York Herald, 15 September 1869.

6 “屹立在安第斯山巅”：Franz Lieber,New York Times, 15 September 1869.

6 “内在关联”：Norddeutsches Protestantenblatt, Bremen, 11 September 1869; Glogau, Heinrich, “Akademische Festrede zur Feier des Hundertjährigen Geburtstages Alexander’s von Humboldt, 14 September 1869”, Glogau 1869, p.11; Agassiz, Louis, “Address Delivered on the Centennial Anniversary of the Birth of Alexander von Humboldt 1869”, Agassiz 1869, pp.5, 48; Hermann Trautschold, 1869, Roussanova 2013, p.50;Philadelphia Inquirer, 15 September 1869; Humboldt Commemorations, 2 June 1859,Journalof American Geological and StatisticalSociety, 1859, vol.1, p.226.

6 “又一大世界奇迹”：Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1869, Emerson 1960–1992, vol.16, p.160; Agassiz 1869, p.71.

6 “在某种意义上”：Daily News, London, 14 September 1869.

6 德国庆祝活动：Jahn 2004, pp.18–28.

7 柏林：Illustrirte Zeitung Berlin, 2 October 1869;Vossische Zeitung, 15 September 1869;Allgemeine Zeitung Augsburg, 17 September 1869.

7 洪堡的名字随处可见：Oppitz 1969, pp.281–427.

7 内华达或被命名为“洪堡”：The decision was between Washoe, Esmeralda, Nevada and Humboldt（以上是当时的备选名称）; Oppitz 1969, p.290.

7 更多以 AH 命名的地方：Egerton 2012,p.121.

7 “地球是一个自然的整体”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.45; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.52.

7 “盖亚”作为标题：AH to Karl August Varnhagen, 24 October 1834, Humboldt Varnhagen Letters 1860, p.18.

8 “最清晰的路途”：Wolfe 1979, p.313.

1 开端

13 AH 家庭：AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, Biermann 1987, p.50ff.; Beck 1959–1961, vol.1, p.3ff.; Geier 2010, p.16ff.

13 AH 的教父：当时的腓特烈·威廉王子，后来于 1786 年成为腓特烈·威廉二世。13 不快乐的童年：AH to Carl Freiesleben,5 June 1792, AH Letters 1973, p.191ff.; WH to CH, April 1790, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, p.134.

13 AH 父母的性格：Frau von Briest, 1785, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, p.55.

13 昆特的教学：WH to CH, 2 April 1790, ibid., pp.115–116; Geier 2010, p.22ff.; Beck 1959–1961, vol.1, p.6ff.

13 “持续的焦虑”：WH to CH, 2 April 1790, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, p.115. 14 “怀疑这个孩子是否能……”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.31; and AH, Aus Meinem Leben（1769–1850）, in Biermann 1987, p.50.

14 WH 以及古希腊语：Geier 2010, p.29.

14 “小药店老板”：Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.20; Beck 1959–1961, vol.1, p.10.

14 “当然，陛下，只不过是用我的头脑”：Walls 2009, p.15.

15 “完美的智性和道德”：昆特关于玛丽·伊丽莎白·冯·洪堡的描述：Beck 1959–1961, vol.1, p.6.

15 “我被迫接受”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 5 June 1792, AH Letters 1973, p.192.

15 AH 与 WH 的不同之处：WH to CH, 9 October 1804, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.2, p.260.

15 WH 性格：WH 1903–1936, vol.15, p.455.

15 泰格尔的北美树种：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 5 June 1792, AH Letters 1973, p.191; Bruhns 1873, vol.3, pp.12–13.

15 自然的宁静和安慰：AH to WH, 19 May 1829, AH Letters Russia 2009, p.116.

15 AH 的身高：AH 1798 年离开巴黎时所持的护照：Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.394.

15 AH 瘦削而灵动：Karoline Bauer, 1876, Clark and Lubrich 2012, p.199; AH 的手：Louise von Bornstedt, 1856, Beck 1959,p.385.

15 多半出自想象：WH to CH, 2 April 1790, p.116; see also WH to CH, 3 June 1791, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, pp.116, 477; for illnesses, see AH to Wilhelm Gabriel Wegener, 24, 25, 27February 1789 and 5 June 1790, AH Letters 1973, pp.39, 92.

15 “坏心肠的小鬼”：Dove 1881, p.83; for later comments, see Caspar Voght, 14 February 1808, Voght 1959–1965, vol.3,p.95.

15 AH 开恶意的玩笑：Arago about AH, Biermann and Schwarz 2001b, no page no.

15 AH 并不恶毒：WH about AH, 1788, Dove 1881, p.83.

15 拉锯战：WH to CH, 6 November 1790, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, p.270.

16 德国的大学与阅读习俗：Watson 2010,p.55ff.

17 “宇宙中最伟大而精密的仪器”：George Cheyne, Worster 1977, p.40.

17 “知识共和国”：这是一个被广泛使用的术语：see for example Joseph Pitton de Tournefort to Hans Sloane, 14 January 1701/2 and John Locke to Hans Sloane, 14 September 1694, MacGregor 1994, p.19.

17 AH 和 WH 在柏林：Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.33.

17 母亲和兄弟二人的职业前景：AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, Biermann 1987, pp.50, 53; Holl 2009, p.30; Beck 1959–1961, vol.1, p.11ff.; WH to CH, 15 January 1790, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, p.74.

17 AH 在奥得河畔法兰克福：AH to Ephraim Beer, November 1787, AH Letters 1973, p.4; Beck 1959–1961, vol.1, p.14.

18 AH 在哥廷根：Holl 2009, p.23ff.; Beck 1959–1961, vol.1, pp.18–21.

18 “我们的性格相差太远”：WH, Geier 2009,p.63.

18 AH 梦想冒险：AH, Mein Aufbruch nach America, Biermann 1987, p.64.

18 到访柏林植物园：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.2, p.92; AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, Biermann1987, p.51.

18 福斯特的影响：AH, Ich äber Mich Selbst, 1769–1790, Biermann 1987, p.36ff.

18 15 000 艘商船到达伦敦：White 2012, p.168; see also Carl Philip Moritz, June 1782, Moritz 1965, p.26.

18 “一片黑压压的”：Richard Rush, 7 January 1818, Rush 1833, p.79.

19 AH 在伦敦：AH to Wilhelm Gabriel Wegener, 20 June 1790; AH to Paul Usteri, 27 June 1790, AH to Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, 3 January 1791, AH Letters 1973, pp. 93, 96, 117; AH, Ich äber Mich Selbst, 1769–1790, Biermann 1987, p.39.

19 AH 在伦敦伤怀：AH, Ich äber Mich Selbst, 1769–1790, Biermann 1987, p.38.

19 “我的内心深处有种冲动”：AH to Wilhelm Gabriel Wegener, 23 September 1790, AH Letters 1973, pp.106–107.

19 招募年轻水手的告示，哈姆斯特德：AH, Ich äber Mich Selbst, 1769–1790, Biermann 1987, p.38.

19 “太听话的儿子”：AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, Biermann 1987, p.51; see also AH to Joachim Heinrich Campe, 17 March 1790, AH Letters 1973, p.88.

19 “疯狂的书信”：AH, Ich äber Mich Selbst, 1769–1790, Biermann 1987, p.40.

19 “我不幸的处境”：AH to Paul Usteri, 27 June 1790, AH Letters 1973, p.96.

19 “不息的冲动”：AH to David Friedländer, 11 April 1799, AH Letters 1973, p.658.

19 “过度使用了自己的头脑”：Georg Forster to Heyne, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.31.

19 会突然“崩溃”：CH to WH, 21 January 1791, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, p.372 ; CH 和 AH 初次见面是 1789 年 12 月。

19 “就像飞奔的赛马”：Alexander DallasBache, 2 June 1859, “Tribute to the Memory of Humboldt”,Pulpit and Rostrum, 15 June 1859, p.133; see also WH to CH, 2 April 1790, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, p.116.

20 满是数字和账本的科目：AH to William Gabriel Wegener, 23 September 1790, AH Letters 1973, p.106.

20 科学论文和旅行书籍：AH to Samuel Thomas Sämmerring, 28 January 1791, AH Letters 1973, p.122.

20 “港口商船的景象”：AH to William Gabriel Wegener, 23 September 1790, AH Letters 1973, p.106.

20 “自己运气的主宰”：AH to William Gabriel Wegener, 27 March 1789, AH Letters 1973, p.47.

20 弗莱贝格的矿业学院：AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, Biermann 1987, p.54.

20 AH 在八个月内完成学业: AH to Archibald MacLean, 14 October 1791, AH Letters 1973, p.153.

20 AH 在弗莱贝格的日常生活: AH to Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten, 25 August 1791; AH to Paul Usteri, 22 September 1791; AH to Archibald MacLean, 14 October 1791, AH Letters 1973, pp.144,151–152，153–154.

20 威廉婚礼与图林根之旅：AH to Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten, ibid., p.146.

21 CH to WH, 14 January 1790 and 21 January 1791, CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, pp.65, 372.

21 AH 与朋友昼夜形影不离：AH to Archibald MacLean, 14 October 1791, AH Letters 1973, p.154.

21 “我从未对别人有过如此亲近的感觉”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 2 March 1792, ibid., p.173.

21 AH 感到惭愧：AH to Archibald MacLean, 6 November 1791, ibid., p.157.

21 AH 为自己的成功感到尴尬：AH to Freiesleben, 7 March 1792, ibid., p.175.

21 绝少开启心扉：AH to William Gabriel Wegener, 27 March 1789, ibid., p.47.

21 AH 思念老友：AH to Archibald MacLean, 1 October 1792, 9 February 1793, Jahn and Lange 1973, pp.216, 233; see also AH’s letter to Carl Freiesleben during this time, for example 14 January 1793, 19 July 1793, 21 October 1793, 2 December 1793, 20 January 1794, AH Letters 1973, pp.227–229, 257–258, 279–281, 291–292, 310–315.

21 “可恶，总是如此孤独”：AH to Archibald MacLean, 9 February 1793; see also 6 November 1791, AH Letters 1973, pp.157,233.

21 在简陋的小饭馆：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 21 October 1793, ibid., p.279.

21 甘愿少活两年：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 10 April 1792, ibid., p.180.

21 “最甜美”的时光：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 6 July 1792, ibid., p.201; see also 21 October 1793 and 20 January 1794, ibid., pp.279, 313.

21 “愚蠢致信”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 13 August 1793, ibid., p.269.

21 AH 的发明: AH,Über die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittle,ihren Nachteul zu vermindern.Ein Beytrag zur Physik der praktischen Bergbaukunde, Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1799, Plate III; AH to Carl Freiesleben, 20 January 1794, 5 October 1796, AH Letters 1973, pp.311ff., 531ff.

22 矿工的教材：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 20 January 1794, AH Letters 1973, p.311.

22 16 世纪的矿业著作：Ibid., p.310ff.

22 “八腿四臂”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 19 July 1793, ibid., p.257

22 AH 经常病倒：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 9 April 1793 and 20 January 1794; AH to Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, 17 January 1794; AH to Dietrich Ludwig Karsten, 15 July 1795, ibid., pp.243–244, 308, 311, 446.

22 论玄武岩分布的专业论文：AH, Mineralogische Beobachtungen über einige Basalte am Rhein,1790.

22 关于地下生物的论文：AH,Florae Fribergensis specimen, 1793; 受到法国化学家安托万-洛朗·拉瓦锡和英国科学家约瑟夫·普利斯特里的启发，洪堡还开始检测光与氢气对于植物制造氧气的刺激作用。AH,Aphorismen aus der chemischen Physiologie der Pflanzen, 1794.

22 AH 利用自己的身体做实验：AH to Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, 17 November 1793, AH Letters 1973, p.471; AH 1797, vol.1, p.3.

23 “沿街乞讨的流浪儿”：AH to Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, June 1795, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.150; the original German is “Gassenläufer”, Bruhns 1872, vol.1,p.173.

23 实验进行得“非常完美”：AH to Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, 17 November 1793, AH Letters 1973, p.471.

24 《论形成力》(Über den Bildungstrieb）: 首次出版于 1781 年，再版于 1789 年 2 月。洪堡 1789 年 4 月到达哥廷根；关于布卢门巴赫：see Reill 2003, p.33ff.; Richards 2002, p.216ff.

24 “戈耳狄俄斯之结”：AH to Freiesleben, 9 February 1796, AH Letters 1973, p.495.

2 想象与自然

25 洪堡在耶拿: AH 第一次到耶拿是 1792年 7 月，和哥哥威廉一起住在弗雷德里希·席勒家中，但只在 1794 年 3 月短暂地见过歌德，此后再见面就是 1794 年 12 月。AH to Carl Freiesleben, 6 July 1792, AH Letters 1973, p.202; Goethe’s Day 1982–1996, vol.3, p.303.

25 耶拿的进步性：Merseburger 2009, p.113; Safranski 2011, p.70.

25 耶拿的自由风气：Schiller to Christian Gottlob Voigt, 6 April 1795, Schiller Letters 1943–2003, vol.27, p.173.

25 对魏玛的描述：Merseburger 2009, p.72.

25 耶拿和魏玛聚集的智慧头脑：de Staäl 1815, vol.1, p.116.

25 WH 和席勒在集市广场：威廉住在 Unterm Markt 4 号，席勒住在 Unterm Markt 1 号：AH Letters 1973, p.386.

25 WH 邀请歌德：WH to Goethe, 14 December 1794, Goethe Letters 1980–2000, vol.1,p.350.

26 大声的讨论: Maria Kärner, 1796, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.222; for daily meetings see Goethe’s diaries during this time.

26 洪堡“迫使我们”：Goethe, 17–19 December 1794, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.116.

26 “八天”：Goethe to Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, March 1797, ibid., p.288.

26 AH 在 1794 年 12 月的来访：Goethe, December 1794, Goethe’s Year 1994, pp.31–32; December 1794, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, pp.116–117, 122; Goethe to Max Jacobi, 2 February 1795, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.2, pp.194, 557; AH to Reinhard von Haeften, 19 December 1794, AH Letters 1973, p.388.

26 冰冻的莱茵河：Boyle 2000, p.256.

26 步行去旁听解剖学讲座：Goethe, December 1794, Goethe’s Year 1994, p.32.

26 通常宁愿待在温暖火炉前的歌德：Goethe to Schiller, 27 February 1797, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.2, p.257.

26 AH 的热情感染了 Goethe：Goethe, December 1794, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.122.

26 卡尔·奥古斯特公爵维特式的装扮：Merseburger 2009, p.67.

26 “维特热”：Friedenthal 2003, p.137.

26 歌德早年间在魏玛的时光：Merseburger 2009, pp.68–69; Boyle 1992, p.202ff.,243ff.

27 克里斯蒂安娜·乌尔皮乌斯：歌德最终于1806 年与她结婚。

27 “到了孕晚期的妇人”：Botting 1973, p.38.

27 “鼓胀的双颊”：Karl August Bättiger about Goethe, mid-1790s, Goethe’s Day 1982–1996, vol.3, p.354.

27 “阿波罗”的容貌变了样：Maria Kärner to K.G. Weber, August 1796, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.223.

28 歌德的儿子穿着矿工的工作服：Goethe’s Day 1982–1996, vol.3, p.354.

28 “冷漠，惜字如金”：Jean Paul Friedrich Richter to Christian Otto, 1796, quoted in Klauss 1991, p.14; 歌德的傲慢：Friedrich Hälderlin to Christian Ludwig Neuffer, 19 January 1795, Goethe’s Day 1982–1996, vol.3, p.356.

28 歌德态度粗鲁：W. von Schak about Goethe, 9 January 1806, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.6, p.4.

28 “诗歌的神圣之火”：Henry Crabb Robinson, 1801, Robinson 1869, vol.1, p.86.

28 “没有人比我更孤立了”：Goethe, 1791, quoted in Safranski 2011, p.103.

28 “伟大的母亲”：Goethe, ibid., p.106.

28 歌德的住宅和花园：Klauss 1991; Ehrlich 1983; Goethe’s Day 1982–1996, vol.3,pp.295–296.

29 “厌倦了世间的纷争”：Goethe to Johann Peter Eckermann, 12 May 1825, Goethe Eckermann 1999, p.158.

29 “深深的忧郁”：Goethe, 1794, Goethe’s Year 1994, p.26.

29 深居简出：Goethe, 1790, ibid., p.19.

29 “沉船后抓住的一块木板”：Goethe, 1793, ibid., p.25.

29 18 000 件岩石标本：Ehrlich 1983, p.7.

29 《植物之变形》：Goethe,Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären,1790。

29“里里外外”：Goethe,Italienische Reise, Goethe 1967, vol.11, p. 375.

30 AH 点燃了歌德的兴趣：Goethe to Karl Ludwig von Knebel, 28 March 1797, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.2, pp.260–261.

30 歌德与“原型”：Richards 2002, p.445ff.; Goethe in 1790, Goethe’s Year 1994, p.20.

30 AH 建议歌德发表自己的科学著作：Goethe, 1795, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.122.

30 歌德的口述：Goethe to Jacobi, 2 February 1795, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.2, p.194; Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.122.

30 “我这样走路更自然”：Karl August Bättiger about Goethe, January 1795, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4,p.123.

30 AH 到耶拿和魏玛的访问：6–10 March 1794, 15–16 April 1794, 14–19 December 1794, 16–20 April 1795, 13 January 1797, 1 March–30 May 1797.

30 “早上先推敲诗句”：Goethe, 9 March 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2,pt.1, p.100.

31 “鞭打着科学的事物”：Goethe to Karl Ludwig von Knebel, 28 March 1797, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.2, pp.260–261.

31 1797 年春天，歌德在耶拿：他停留到了 1797 年 3 月 31 日：see his diary and letters from that time, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, p.288ff.; Goethe, March–May 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1, pp.99–115; Goethe’s Year 1994, pp.58–59.

31 试图完成相关的一部书稿：Humboldt’sVersuch über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser（关于受到刺激的肌肉和神经纤维的实验）; AH to Carl Freiesleben, 18 April 1797, AH to Friedrich Schuckmann, 14 May 1797, AH Letters 1973, pp.574, 579.

31 AH 在耶拿的工作：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 18 April 1797, AH to Friedrich Schuckmann, 14 May 1797, AH Letters 1973, pp.574, 579.

31 AH 关于伽伐尼现象的讲座：Goethe, 3, 5, 6 March 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1, p.99.

31 像被“鸟枪的子弹击穿”：AH to Friedrich Schuckmann, 14 May 1797, AH Letters 1973, p.580.

31 “如果不做实验，我就不能活”：Ibid.,p.579.

31 AH 最心爱的实验：AH,Versuch über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser, 1797, vol.1, p.76ff.

31 “生命的气息”：Ibid.,p.79.

32 “没有把物质或力”：Goethe,Erster Entwurfeiner Allgemeinen Einleitung in die Vergleichende Anatomie, 1795, p.18.

32 歌德和有机体：Richards 2002, p.450ff.; see also Immanuel Kant,Kritik derUrteilskraft, Kant 1957, vol.5, p.488.

32 歌德心服口服：Goethe to Karl Ludwig von Knebel, 28 March 1797, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.2,pp.260–261.

32 歌德 1797 年的工作：Goethe 1797, Goethe’s Year 1994, p.59; Goethe, March–May 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1, pp.99–115.

32 “小学院”：Goethe to Karl August, 14 March 1797, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.291.

32 WH, 埃斯库罗斯和歌德：27 March 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1,p.103.

32 AH 协助架设光学试验设备：Goethe, 19 and 27 March 1797, ibid., pp.102–103.

33 探究磷燃烧时发出荧光的现象：Goethe, 20 March 1797, ibid., p.102.

33 在耶拿的友人聚会：Goethe, 25 March 1797, ibid., p.102.

33 回到魏玛的家中“休养”：Goethe to Karl Ludwig von Knebel, 28 March 1797, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.2, p.260.

33 甚至重新唤起了歌德对科学的兴趣：Goethe to Friedrich Schiller, 26 April 1797, Schiller and Goethe 1856, vol.1,p.301.

33 席勒担忧歌德：Biermann 1990b, pp.36–37.

33 “意趣贫乏”：Friedrich Schiller to Christian Gottfried Kärner, 6 August 1797; Christian Gottfried Kärner to Friedrich Schiller, 25 August 1797, Schiller and Kärner 1847, vol.4, pp.47, 49.

33 歌德邀请 AH：Goethe to AH, 14 April 1797, AH Letters 1973, p.573; for AH’s visit see Goethe, 19–24 April 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1,p.106; AH to Johannes Fischer, 27 April 1797, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.306.

33 歌德在耶拿的时间：Goethe, 25, 29–30 April, 19–30 May 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1, pp.107, 109, 115.

33 AH 和歌德在席勒的花园别墅：Goethe, 19, 25, 26, 29, 30 May 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1, pp.109, 112, 113, 115.

33 石头 圆桌：Goethe to Johannn Peter Eckermann, 8 October 1827, Goethe Eckermann 1999, p.672.

33 夜莺的歌唱：Friedrich Schiller to Goethe, 2 May 1797, Schiller and Goethe 1856, vol.1, p.304.

33 “艺术、自然与心灵”：Goethe, 16 March 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1, p.101.

34 康德与哥白尼：Kant, Preface to the second edition of theCritique of Pure Reason, 1787.

35 AH 向康德学习：AH to Wilhelm Gabriel Wegener, 27 February 1789, AH Letters 1973, p.44.

35 康德的讲座系列：Elden and Mendieta 2011, p.23.

35 “新哲学最时兴的地盘”：Henry Crabb Robinson, 1801, Stelzig 2010, p.59；他们还讨论了约翰·戈特利布·费希特的《科学教义》（Doctrine of Science）。费希特从康德那里汲取了关于主体性、自觉意识和外在世界的概念，在此基础上进一步发展这三个概念，进而取消了康德的二分主义。因为在耶拿大学的工作，费希特成为了德国唯心主义思想的创立者之一。费希特认为，不存在什么“物自体”--一切意识都基于人的自我，而非外在世界。他因此坚称，主体性是理解世界的第一原则。如果费希特是正确的，那么将会对科学产生巨大的影响，因为这意味着不可能达到独立的客观性。For Goethe and AH discussing Fichte, see Goethe, 12, 14, 19 March 1797, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.2, pt.1, pp.101–102.

35 “苦学致死”：AH to Wilhelm Gabriel Wegener, 27 February 1789, AH Letters 1973, p.44.

36 康德和耶稣基督一样出名：Morgan 1990,p.26.

36 AH 关于康德的论述：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.197; see also Knobloch2009.

36 “在内心中”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.64; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, pp.69–70.

36 “相互融为一体”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.64; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.70.

36 “五官不会骗人”：Goethe,Maximen und Reflexionen, no.295, Buttimer 2001, p.109; see also Jackson 1994, p.687.

36 “那栩栩如生的幻象”：AH to Johann Leopold Neumann, 23 June 1791, AH Letters 1973, p.142.

36 “自然必须通过感情来体验”：AH to Goethe, 3 January 1810, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.305; see also AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.73; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.85.

37 “遍布苔藓的床褥”：Darwin（1789）1791, line 232.

37 英国文坛轰动一时的诗歌：King-Hele 1986, pp.67–68.

37 “强大而有益的”：AH to Charles Darwin, 18 September 1839, Darwin Correspondence, vol.2, p.426. AH 提到伊拉斯谟·达尔文的著作《生物学》（Zoonomia）于 1795 年在德国发行; see also AH to Samuel Thomas von Sämmerring, 29 June 1795, AH Letters 1973, p.439.

37 “诗意”：Goethe to Friedrich Schiller, 26–27 January 1798, Schiller Letters 1943–2003, vol.37, pt.1, p.234.

37 “莫大的仇敌”：Goethe Morphologie 1987,p.458.

37 歌德创作《浮士德》：Late December 1794, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.4, p.117; Goethe, 1796, Goethe’s Year 1994, p.53; WH to Friedrich Schiller, 17 July 1795, Goethe’s Day 1982–1996, vol.3, p.393; Safranski 2011, p.191; Friedrich Schiller to Goethe, 26 June 1797, Schiller and Goethe, 1856, vol.1, p.322; originally conceived as theUrfaustin the early 1770s, Goethe had also published a shortFragmentof the drama in 1790.

37 “胸中的簸荡”：Faust I,Scene 1, Night, line 437, Goethe’s Faust（trans. Kaufmann 1961, p.99）；英文版参考了两个译本，选择了最接近原文的译文：The translations are by Walter Kaufmann（1961） and David Luke（2008）.

37 “我不知道还有谁”：Goethe to Johann Friedrich Unger, 28 March 1797, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.2, p.558.

37 “大自然的力量”：Faust I, Scene 1, Night, line 441, Goethe’sFaust（英文版：Kaufmann 1961, p.99；中文版：梁宗岱 2016，p.34）.

37 “使我洞悉整个宇宙”：Ibid., lines 382ff.（p.95; 中文版 p.31）.

37 “洪堡之于她就像”（脚注）：Louise Nicolovius, as told by Charlotte von Stein, 20 January 1810, recalling a conversation with Goethe, Goethe’s Day 1982–1996, vol.5, p.381.

38 《植物变形记》：Goethe composed andpublished the poem in 1797, Goethe, 1797, Goethe’s Year 1994, p.59.

38 不同化学元素之间结合的难易程度：Pierre-Simon Laplace, Exposition du systême du monde, 1796, see Adler 1990,p.264.

38 “并不让人揭开她的面幕”：FaustI,Act1, Night, lines 672–675, Goethe’s Faust（trans.Luke 2008, p.23; 中文版 p.48）.

38 将自然与艺术、事实与想象结合：AH to Goethe, 3 January 1810, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.304.

38 “毁尽了彩虹的诗意”：John Keats, 28 December 1817, recounted by Benjamin Robert Haydon, Haydon 1960–1963, vol.2, p.173.

38 “对自己的影响至为深远”：AH to Caroline von Wolzogen, 14 May 1806, Goethe AH WH Letters 1876, p.407.

38 “全新感官”：Ibid.

3 寻找目的地

39 感到被母亲的愿望“束缚”：AH to William Gabriel Wegener, 27 March 1789, AH Letters 1973, p.47.

39 WH 回忆童年：WH to CH, 9 October 1818, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.6,p.219.

39 WH 搬回泰格尔：Geier 2009, p.199.

39 WH 感到麻木：WH to Friedrich Schiller, 16 July 1796, Geier 2009, p.201.

39 AH 在柏林：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 7 April 1796, AH Letters 1973, p.503.

39 AH 受到好评，感到兴奋：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 25 November 1796; AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 December 1796, ibid., pp.551–554, 560.

39 “伟大的旅行”：AH to Abraham Gottlob Werner, 21 December 1796, ibid., p.561.

39 AH 掌握自己的命运：AH to WilliamGabriel Wegener, 27 March 1789, ibid., p.47; AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, in Biermann 1987, p.55.

39 “形同陌路”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 25 November 1796, AH Letters 1973, p.553.

39 AH 在离家的时候倍感释然：AH to Archibald MacLean, 9 February 1793, ibid., pp.233–234.

39 “她的离世……恐怕是”：Carl Freiesleben to AH, 20 December 1796, ibid., p.559.

40 WH 与 CH 迁往巴黎：Gersdorff 2013,pp.65–66.

40 AH 继承的遗产：Eichhorn 1959, p.186.

40 “我有这么多钱”：AH to Paul Christian Wattenback, 26 April 1791, AH Letters 1973, p.136.

40 准备行装：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 December 1796, ibid., p.560; AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, in Biermann 1987, pp.55–58.

40 “美妙的树”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 4 March 1795, AH Letters 1973, p.403.

40 AH 到访弗莱贝格：AH to Schuckmann, 14 May 1797; AH to Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, 10 June 1797; AH to Joseph Banks, 20 June 1797, ibid., pp.578, 583,584.

40 AH 到德累斯顿：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 18 April 1797; AH to Schuckmann, 14 May 1797, ibid., pp.575, 578.

40 想要与新大陆的山峰进行比较：AH to Goethe, 16 July 1795, Goethe AH WH Letters 1876, p.311.

40 维也纳皇家花园中的热带植物：Personal Narrative 1814–1829, p.5; AH to Carl Freiesleben, 14 and 16 October 1797, AH Letters 1973, p.593.

40 未来“甜美”的旅行：AH to Joseph van der Schot, 31 December 1797; see also AH to Carl Freiesleben, 14 October 1797, AHLetters 1973, pp.593, 603.

40 AH 在萨尔茨堡：AH to Joseph van der Schot, 31 December 1797; AH to Franz Xaver von Zach, 23 February 1798, ibid., pp.601, 608.

40 “我就是这样的人”：AH to Joseph van der Schot, 28 October 1797, ibid., p.594.

41 AH 无法前往意大利：AH to Heinrich Karl Abraham Eichstädt, 19 April 1798, ibid.,p.625.

42 西印度群岛和埃及：AH to Count Christian Gü nther von Bernstorff, 25 February 1798; AH to Carl Freiesleben, 22 April 1798, ibid., pp.612, 629.

42 布里斯托尔伯爵以间谍罪被逮捕：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799, ibid., p.661; AH, Aus Meinem Leben（1769–1850）, in Biermann 1987, p.96.

42 AH 决定去巴黎：AH to Heinrich Karl Abraham Eichstädt, 19 April 1798; AH to Carl Freiesleben, 22 April 1798, AH Letters 1973, pp.625, 629.

42 AH 在巴黎: Moheit 1993, p.9; AH to Franz Xaver von Zach, 3 June 1798, AH Letters 1973, pp.633–634; AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, in Biermann 1987, pp.57–58; Gersdorff 2013, p.66ff.

42 “我生活在科学的中心”：AH to MarcAuguste Pictet, 22 June 1798, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.234.

42 布干维尔邀请 AH：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799, AH Letters 1973, p.661.

43 邦普 兰：Biermann 1990, p.175ff.; Schneppen 2002; Sarton 1943, p.387ff.; AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799, AH Letters 1973, p.662.

43 “亚历山大没法摆脱”：Friedrich Schiller to Goethe, 17 September 1800, Schiller Letters 1943–2003, vol.30, p.198; see also Christian Gottfried Kärner to Friedrich Schiller, 10 September 1800, Schiller Letters 1943–2003, vol.38, pt.1,p.347.

43 “十分怕鬼”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 19 March 1792, AH Letters 1973, p.178.

43 博丹的航行：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799, ibid., p.661; AH, Meine Bekenntnisse, 1769–1805, in Biermann 1987, p.58.

43 AH 想要去埃及：AH to Heinrich Karl Abraham Eichstädt, 21 April 1798; AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799, AH Letters 1973, pp.627, 661.

43 “少见的挑战”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.1, p.2.

43 AH 联络瑞典公使：Ibid., p.8; AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799, AH Letters 1973, p.662.

44 班克斯提供护照：AH to Banks, 15 August 1798, BL Add 8099, ff.71–72.

44 AH 的护照：Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.394.

44 AH 在马赛：Ibid., p.239; AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799, AH Letters 1973, p.662.

44 “所有希望都破灭了”：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799, AH Letters 1973, p.661.

44 “世界封闭了起来”：AH to Joseph Franz Elder von Jacquin, 22 April 1798, ibid.,p.631.

44 西班牙人给予他通行证：AH to David Friedländer, 11 April 1799; AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 20 April 1799; AH to Carl Freiesleben, 4 June 1799, ibid., pp.657, 663, 680; see also AH’s passport, 7 May 1799, Ministerio de Cultura del Ecuador,Quito; Holl 2009, pp.59–60.

44 “我快乐得飘飘欲仙”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 4 June 1799, AH Letters 1973,p.680.

44 AH 的仪器：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.1, pp.33–39; Seeberger 1999, pp.57–61.

45 自己的好心情：AH, 5 June 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.58.

45 “自然的所有力量”：AH to David Friedländer, 11 April 1799, AH Letters 1973, p.657; 在另一封信中，AH 提到“各种力之间的互动”：AH to Karl Maria Erenbert von Moll, 5 June 1799, ibid.,p.682.

45 “善和崇高、伟大的事物”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 4 June 1799, ibid., p.680.

45 “可以饮用的液体”：AH, 6 June 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.424.

45 到达特内里费岛：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.1, p.110ff.

46 “冷杉火炬”、没有帐篷：Ibid., pp.153–154.

46 脸颊冰凉，脚底灼烫：Ibid., pp.168,

189–190.

46 透明的“魔力”物质：Ibid., pp.182, 188; see also AH to WH, 20–25 June 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.10.

46 夜间不能点灯：AH, Mein Aufbruch nach America, in Biermann 1987, p.82.

46 自己“年轻懵懂时代”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.2, p.20.

46 到达库马纳：Ibid., p.183ff.

46 将温度计插入白沙中：Ibid., p.184.

47 西班牙对殖民地的统治：Arana 2013, p.26ff.

47 让管事的人“对他的工作产生兴趣”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.2, pp.188–189.

48 “宣告着自然最宏大的面相”：Ibid., p.184.

4 南美洲

51 风景令人迷醉：AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.11.

51 库马纳的动物和植物：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.2, pp.183–184; AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

51 “我们像傻瓜一样跑来跑去”：AH to WH, 16 July 1799, ibid., p.13.

51 “如果这些神奇的生物再不停止出现”：Ibid.

51 很难用理性的方法：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.2, p.239.

51 装满植物：Ibid., vol.3, p.72.

51 “整体的印象”：AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

51 库马纳的树木像意大利石松：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.2, p.183.

51 仙人掌和草海：Ibid., p.194.

51 山谷像德比郡的：Ibid., vol.3, pp.111, 122.

51 洞穴像喀尔巴阡山脉的：Ibid., p.122.

52 AH 开心、健康：AH to Reinhard and Christiane von Haeften, 18 November 1799, AH Letters America 1993, p.66; AH to WH, 16 July 1799, AH WH Letters 1880, p.13.

52 流星雨：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.332ff.

52 巨大的蜘蛛：AH to Reinhard and Christiane von Haeften, 18 November 1799, AH Letters America 1993, p.66.

52 库马纳的科学仪器：Ibid., p.65.

53 “市场上待售的马匹”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.2, p.246.

53 库马纳的地震：Ibid., vol.3, pp.316–317; AH, 4 November 1799, AH Diary 2000,p.119.

53 “现在，我们再也不能信任它了”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3.,p.321.

53 资金问题：AH, November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.166.

53 何塞·德拉克鲁斯：洪堡在 1801 年 6 月的日记中写道，何塞于 1799 年 8 月完成。 AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.85.

53 雇了一艘船：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, pp.347, 351–352.

53 在库马纳装箱：AH, 18 November 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.165.

53 “西班牙裔美洲人”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.435.

54 “卑贱的奴隶”：Juan Vicente de Bol í var, Mart í n de Tobar and Marqu é s de Mixares to Francisco de Miranda, 24 February 1782, Arana 2013, p.21.

54 有两座顶峰的拉西亚山：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.379.

54 “维特的记忆”：AH, 8 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.188.

54 牧群的颈铃：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.90.

54 “任何地方的自然”：Ibid., p.160.

54 “具有奇妙治愈力的灵药”：AH, 22 November 1799–1797 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.179.

55 分水岭还是卡西基亚雷河：Holl 2009,p.131.

55 AH 需要钱：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.307; 英文版没有提到付钱的事，但法文版提到了：AH,Voyage aux regions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, vol.4, p.5.

55 在报纸上发表信件：AH to Ludwig Bolmann, 15 October 1799, Biermann 1987, p.169.

55 从拉科鲁尼亚发出 43 封信：AH Letters America 1993, p.9.

55 骡子和装备：AH, 7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.185.

56 “微笑着的山谷”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.107.

56 对阿拉瓜的描述：Ibid., p.132.

56 水位降低：Ibid., p.131ff.; AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.215ff.

57 没有入海水道：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.141.

57 岛上细微的沙粒：Ibid., p.140.

57 年均蒸发量：Ibid., p.145ff.

57 砍伐森林：Ibid., p.142.

57 引水灌溉：Ibid., pp.148–149.

57 森林面积减少的后果：AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.215.

57 库马纳郊外森林的消失：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, pp.24–25.

57 “鲁莽地破坏了森林”：Ibid., vol.4, p.63.

57 “森林十不存一”：AH, 7 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.186.

57 “一切都环环相扣”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.144.

57 蒸发量减低：Ibid., p.143.

57 AH 与气候变化：See AH’s writings but also Holl 2007–2008, pp.20–25; Osten 2012, p.61ff.

57 到处破坏美洲的森林：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, pp.143–144.

58 AH 与矿井消耗的木材：Weigel 2004, p.85.

58 “比没有金子更糟糕”：Evelyn 1670, p.178.

58 “法国会因为短缺木材而灭亡”：JeanBaptiste Colbert, Schama 1996, p.175.

58 “原木很快就要”：Bartram, John, ‘An Essay for the Improvements of Estates, by Raising a Durable Timber for Fencing, and Other Uses’, Bartram 1992, p.294.

58 富兰克林担心“失去木材的供给”：Benjamin Franklin to Jared Eliot, 25 October 1750; Benjamin Franklin, ‘An Account of the New Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places’, 1744, Franklin 1956–2008, vol.2, p.422 and vol.4, p.70.

58 影响未来世代：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.143.

58 伦巴第到秘鲁：Ibid., p.144.

58 森林和生态系统：AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140; AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.477.

59 “林地的降温作用有三重机制”（脚注）：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.126–127; AH Views 2014, p.82; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.158.

59 树木释放氧气：AH, September 1799, AH Diary 2000, p.140.

59 “不可估量”和“残酷地”：AH, 4 March 1800, ibid., p.216.

59 乌龟种群的数量急剧降低：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4. p.486; AH, 6 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.257.

59 牡蛎绝种：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.2, p.147.

59 “一切事物都相互作用”：AH, 2–5 August 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.258.

59 “自然万物为人而生”：Aristotle,Politics, Bk.1, Ch.8.

59 “所有事物都是为人的利益而创造的”：Carl Linnaeus, Worster 1977, p.37.

59 “生养众多，遍满地面”：Genesis 1: 27–28.

59 “世界为人而造”：Francis Bacon, Worster 1977, p.30.

59 “自然的拥有者和主上”：Ren é Descartes, Thomas 1984, p.33.

59 “呼啸的荒野”：Rev. Johannes Megapolensis, Myers 1912, p.303.

60 “使地球变得更适宜居住”：Montesquieu,The Spirit of Laws, London, 1750, p.391.

60 理想的自然景象：Chinard 1945, p.464.

60 “破坏”：de Tocqueville, 26 July 1833, “A Fortnight in the Wilderness”, Tocqueville 1861, vol. 1, p.202.

60 威廉森和砍伐森林：Hugh Williamson, 17 August 1770, Chinard 1945, p.452.

60 “沼泽的干燥”：Thomas Wright in 1794, Thomson 2012, p.189.

60 “征服荒野”：Jeremy Belknap, Chinard 1945, p.464.

60 布丰和荒野：Judd 2006, p.4; Bewell 1989,p.242.

60 “经耕作改造的自然”：Buffon, Bewell 1989, p.243; see also Adam Hodgson, Chinard 1945, p.483.

60 “人类必须先理解自然之规律”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.37; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.36.

60 人类拥有破坏环境的力量：AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.216.

5 亚诺斯平原与奥里诺科河

61 AH 在亚诺斯：以下如无特别说明，皆出自 AH Personal Narrative 1814-1829, vol.4, p.273ff.; 6 March–27 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.222ff.

61 “跌入了巨大的孤独”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.263.

61 “一切事物都像是完全静止了”：Ibid.,p.293.

61 AH 的着装：Friedrich Georg Weitsch 于 1806 年描绘 AH 的肖像，现在陈列于柏林国家旧美术馆。

61 亚诺斯的小农庄：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.319ff.; AH, 6–27 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, pp.223–

234.

62 “让心灵充满对永恒的体悟”：AH Views 2014, p.29; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.2; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.4; AH Ansichten 1808, p.3.

62 电鳗及相关的描述：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.22–23; AH Views 2014, pp.39–40; AH Ansichten 1849, pp.32–34; Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.347ff.

64 “同出一源”：AH Views 2014, p.40; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.23; AH Ansichten

1849, vol.1, p.34.

64 到奥里诺科河的行程：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.390ff. and vol.5.

64 补给品与食物：AH, 30 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.239.

64 殖民地总督的妻弟：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.419.

64 没人来打扰他的工作：AH to WH, 17 October 1800, AH WH Letters 1880, p.15.

64 邦普兰总是乐天开朗：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.310.

64 鳄鱼：AH, 30 March–23 May 1800, AH Diary 2000, pp.241–242.

65 在奥里诺科河中洗澡：Ibid., p.255.

65 夜间扎营：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, pp.433, 436, 535, vol.5, p.442.

66 蛇蜷缩在兽皮下面：Ibid., vol.5, p.287.

66 邦普兰和驯化的野猫：AH, 30 March–23 May 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.244.

66 AH 和美洲豹：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.446; AH, 2 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.249.

66 箭毒：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, p.528.

66 “像长笛发出的乐音”：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.270; AH Views 2014, p.146; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.333.

66 “那么多种声音在向我们宣示”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4,p.505.

66 “人类不曾打扰自然之道”：AH, 31 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.240.

66 实地观察动物：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, pp.523–524.

66 伶猴：Ibid., p.527.

66 捕捉伶猴：AH, 30 March–23 May 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.266.

67 “活跃的有机力量”：AH Views 2014, p.147; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.272; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.337.

67 “吞下一匹马”：AH to Baron von Forell, 3 February 1800, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.274.

67 人类在其中“无足轻重”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, p.290.

67 夜间的动物：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.270ff.; AH Views 2014, pp.146–147; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, pp.333–335; AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.436ff.

67 “一场持久而愈演愈烈的战争”：AH Views 2014, p.146; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.270; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1,p.334.

67 “某种角力”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.437.

67 水豚、美洲豹、飞鱼：Ibid., vol.2, p.15.

67 “仅受限于自身”：AH Views 2014, p.36; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.15; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.23.

68 林奈与和谐的平衡：Worster 1977, p.35.

68 “黄金时代早已结束”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.421.

68 “人类具有破坏性的双手”：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.15; AH Views 2014, p.37; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.23.

68 AH 测量奥里诺科河面宽度：AH, 30 March–23 May 1800, AH Diary 2000,p.262.

68 阿图雷斯急流和麦普雷斯急流：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, p.1ff.; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.219ff.; AH Views 2014, p.123ff.; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.268ff.

68 “自然的壮美景象”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, p.139.

68 小舟险些被掀翻：Ibid., vol.4, p.496; AH, 6 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.258.

68 “别担心，我的朋友”：Bonpland to AH, 6 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.258.

68 遇事沉着的美德：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.496.

68 AH 与蚊子：Ibid., vol.5, pp.87, 112; AH, 15 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, pp.260–

261.

69 “第三只手”：AH, 15 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.261.

69 “奥尔尼托”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, pp.103–104.

69 “愉悦的游轮之旅”：AH, 15 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.262.

69 贝尔纳多·泽亚神父：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.510.

69 “移动的动物园”：Ibid., vol.4, pp.534–536 and vol.5, p.406; AH, 15 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.260.

69 很难找到露营之处：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, p.441.

69 食物与饮水：Ibid., vol.4, p.320; vol.5, pp.363, 444; AH, 15 April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.260; AH to WH, 17 October 1800, AH WH Letters 1880, p.17.

70 巴西果：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, pp.365, 541; 洪堡后来以法国科学家克劳德·路易·贝托莱（Claude Louis Berthollet）的名字，将这种植物命名为 Bertholletia excelsa。

70 树冠上的花朵：Ibid., p.256.

70 “数一数有几颗牙齿”：AH, April 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.250.

71 河水“十分好喝”：AH, April–May 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.285; see also pp.255,

286.

71 “杰出的地理学家”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, p.309;原住民对自然的崇拜：see vol.3, p.213; 最好的自然观测者：see AH, ‘Indios, Sinneschärfe’, Guayaquil, 4 January–17 February 1803, AH Diary 1982, pp.182–

183.

71 AH 对原住民十分感兴趣：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.532ff.

71 “文明人的野蛮性”：Ibid., vol.5, p.234.

71 “懒惰且漠不关心”：Ibid., vol.4, p.549, vol.5, p.256.

71 “好像有恶魔在背后追赶他们”：AH, March 1801, AH Diary 1982, p.176.

71 丛林之夜：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, p.443.

71 火焰照亮：Ibid., pp.2, 218; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.216, 224, 231; AH Views 2014, pp.121, 126, 129; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, pp. 263, 276, 285.

72 “那些直接向灵魂诉说的东西”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4,p.134.

72 AH 和卡西基亚雷河：Ibid., vol.5, pp.399–400, 437, 442.

72 天然的棚架：Ibid., p.441.

72 卡西基亚雷河与奥里诺科河：Ibid., p.448.

72 “是有人在马德里凭空想象出来的”：AH, May 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.297.

73 安戈斯图拉：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.5, pp.691–692.

73 AH 和邦普兰病倒：Ibid., p.694ff.

73 装猴子的笼子：Ibid., vol.6, p.7.

73 以极慢的速度行进：Ibid., pp.2–3.

73 “无限的空间”：Ibid., p.69.

73 亚诺斯的雨季：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.19ff.; AH Views 2014, p.38ff.; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.29ff.

73 空气“像随时能拧出水一样”：AH, March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.231. 虽然这是一篇 3 月的日记，但 AH 在此添加了一条记录 7 月经历的笔记。

74 “我们惊讶地观察”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.6, p.7.

74 感到清凉：Ibid., vol.4, p.334.

74 “将生命播撒在自己周围”：Ibid., vol.6,p.8.

74 “生命之树”：AH Views 2014, p.36; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.15, 181; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.1, p.23.

6 穿越安第斯山脉

75 AH 与博丹：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7, p.285; AH to Nicolas Baudin, 12 April 1801, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.292; AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 21 February 1801, Biermann 1987, p.173; AH, Recollections during voyage from Lima to Guayaquil, 24 December 1802–1804 January 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.178;National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser, 12 November 1800.

75 “急切地想要解决它们”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7, p.288.

75 他“并不确定”：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 21 February 1801, Biermann 1987, p.171.

76 将藏品分为两份：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7, p.286.

76 “两个国家的科学”：Joseph Banks to Ja c que s Ju lien Hou t tou de La Bi l la r di è re, 9 June 1796, Banks 2000, p.171; see also Wulf 2008, pp.203–204.

76 从库马纳将种子寄给班克斯（脚注）：AH to Banks, 15 November 1800, Banks to Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, 4 January 1805, Banks 2007, vol.5, pp.63–64, 406.

76 比以往更加开心和健康：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 21 February 1801, Biermann 1987, p.175.

76 “那么您呢，最亲爱的人”：AH to Christiane Haeften, 18 October 1800, AH Letters America 1993, p.109.

77 “当人年轻又有活力的时候”：AH, 24 December 1802–1804 January 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.178.

77 “一切困难”：AH, Recollections during voyage from Lima to Guayaquil, 24 December 1802–1804 January 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.178.

77 AH 想要拜访穆蒂斯：Ibid.; AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.89ff.; AH to WH, 21 September 1801, AH WH Letters 1880, p.32.

77 “穆蒂斯，我离你已经这样近！”：AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, pp.89–90.

77 黑暗中的“路标”：AH, 19 April–15 June 1801, ibid., pp.65–66.

77 在马格达莱纳河上的旅行：Ibid., pp.67–

78.

77 翁达：AH, 18–22 June 1801, ibid., p.78.

78 前往波哥大的旅行：AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, ibid., pp.85–89.

78 到达波哥大：AH to WH, 21 September 1801, AH WH Letters 1880, p.35; AH, November–December 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.90f（AH 离开波哥大后才写下这则日记）.

78 穆蒂斯的画室：Holl 2009, p.161.

78 穆蒂斯的植物收藏：AH to WH, 21 September 1801, AH WH Letters 1880,p.35.

78 邦普兰热病复发：AH, November–December 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.91.

78 波哥大的骡子：AH, 8 September 1801, ibid., p.119.

78 挑夫搬运行李：AH, 5 October 1801, ibid., p.135.

78 仆人何塞：AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, ibid., p.85.

78 跨越金迪奥隘口：AH Cordilleras 1814, vol.1, p.63ff.; AH Cordilleren 1810, vol.1, p.17ff.; Fiedler and Leitner 2000, p.170.

78 “交托给这些险境”：AH, 27 November

1801, see also AH, 5 October 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, pp.131, 155.

78 “跌跌撞撞地”：AH, 27 November 1801, ibid., p.151.

79 在安第斯山中的行进：AH, 14 September 1801, ibid., p.124; AH Cordilleras 1814, vol.1, p.64; AH Cordilleren 1810, vol.1,p.19.

79 神鹫在正午的太阳下“像镜子一样闪亮”：AH, 22 December 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.163.

79 帕斯托火山口喷发火舌：AH, 19 December 1801, ibid., vol.2, p.45.

80 “我从不厌倦写信寄回欧洲”：AH to WH, 21 September 1801, AH WH Letters 1880,p.27.

80 仪器悬空在悬崖上：AH, 27 November 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.155.

80 背负气压计、摔坏的气压计：Ibid., p.152; 关于何塞负责看管气压计：see AH, 28 April 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.83; 关于 AH 旅行中所带的气压计：见 Friedrich Georg Weitsch 1806 年创作的 AH 肖像（现归柏林国立旧美术馆收藏）;Seeberger 1999, pp.57–61.

80 “那些不用带着易碎仪器旅行的家伙可真幸运”：Wilson 1995, p.296; AH, 19 April–15 June 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.66.

80 抵达基多：AH, Aus Meinem Leben（1769–1850）, in Biermann 1987, p.101.

82 “既然你……相信一切都由火山创造”：Goethe to AH, 1824, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.14, p.322.

82 “从不多作停留”：Rosa Montúfar, Beck 1959, p.24.

82 结婚的男人“迷失了自己”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 21 October 1793, AH Letters 1973, p.280.

82 “不息、狂热的爱”：AH to Wilhelm Gabriel Wegener, 27 March 1789 and AH to Carl Freiesleben, 10 April 1792, ibid., pp.46,180.

82 “受到您感情的羁縻”：AH to Reinhard von Haeften, 1 January 1796, ibid., p.477.

82 连续哭泣几个小时：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 10 April 1792, ibid., p.180.

82 “我完全从属于您的计划”：AH to Reinhard von Haeften, 1 January 1796, ibid., pp.478–479.

82 “一位好人”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 4 June 1799, ibid., p.680.

83 “对女人缺乏真正的感情”：Adolph Kohut in 1871 about AH’s time in Berlin in 1805, Beck 1959, p.31.

83 “睡在一起的同伴”：Quarterly Review, vol.14, January 1816, p.369.

83 “没有什么能对亚历山大产生强烈的影响”：CH to WH, 22 January 1791, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.1, p.372.

83 “不寻常的性取向”：Theodor Fontane to Georg Friedländer, 5 December 1884, Fontane 1980, vol.3, p.365.

83 洪堡的“阿多尼斯”：Jos é de Caldas to Jo s é Ce le s tino Mu ti s, 21 June 1802, Andress 2011, p.11; Caldas asked if he could join AH, Holl 2009, p.166.

83 “不知道什么是感官上的需求”：AH to Archibald MacLean, 6 November 1791; see also AH to Wilhelm Gabriel Wegener, 27 March 1789, AH Letters 1973, pp.47, 157.

83 “对情欲的狂热诉求”：AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.6: “vom wilden Drange der Leidenschaften bewegt ist”. 英文版的措辞稍微含蓄了一些：“passions of men”; see also AH to Archibald MacLean, 6 November 1791, AH Letters 1973, p.157.

83 保护着气压计的何塞：AH, 28 April 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.83.

83 攀登皮钦查火山：AH climbed Pichincha three times; AH, 14 April, 26 and 28 May 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.72ff.; 85ff.; 90ff.; AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, p.45ff.

83 “没有人能想见我们眼前的景象”：AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, p.46.

83 登上科托帕希峰：AH, 28 April 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.83ff.

84 湛蓝的天穹：AH Cordilleras 1814, vol.1, pp.121, 125; AH Cordilleren 1810, vol.1, pp.59, 62.

84 形状像木匠旋出来的一样：AH, 28 April 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.81.

84 登上安蒂萨纳峰：AH, 14–18 March 1802, ibid., p.57ff.

84 冰针：Ibid., pp.57, 62.

84 “世界上最高的憩息之处”：Ibid., p.61.

84 AH 和蒙图法尔同睡一榻：Ibid., p.62.

84 将近 18 000 英尺处，以及德拉孔达米纳：Ibid., p.65.

84 “理性”给人带来的深深伤痕：AH, 22 November 1797–1799 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.179.

7 钦博拉索

85 AH 计划前往墨西哥：AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880,p.54.

85 “狰狞的巨人”：Ibid., p.48.

85 从基多到钦博拉索：AH, 9–12 June and 12–28 June 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.94–104.

85 “有一种神秘的吸引力”：AH, About an Attempt to Climb to the Top of Chimborazo, Kutzinski 2012, p.136.

85 AH 攀登钦博拉索：AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, p.48; AH, About an Attempt to Climb to the Top of Chimborazo, in Kutzinski 2012, pp.135–155; AH, 23 June 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.100–109.

86 “刀锋”山脊：AH, About an Attempt to Climb to the Top of Chimborazo, Kutzinski 2012, p.140.

86 “极其危险”：AH, 23 June 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.106.

87 水沸腾：AH Geography 2009, p.120; AH Geography 1807, pp.1613.

87 19413 英尺（3036 土瓦兹[法制长度单位]）：AH, 23 June 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.106.

87 “将想法联系起来”：WH to Karl Gustav von Brinkmann, 18 March 1793, Heinz 2003, p.19.

87 “千丝万缕联系”：Georg Gerland, 1869, Jahn 2004, p.19.

87 观测到惊人的相似性：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.160; see also p.495; AH 在《植物地理学随笔》（1807）中一再指出这类关联：also see in AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.490ff.; AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.3ff.; AH Views 2014, p.155ff.; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2, p.3ff.

87 “阿尔卑斯玫瑰树”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.453.

88 墨西哥、加拿大和欧洲的树种：AH Geography 2009, pp.65–66; AH Geography 1807, p.5ff.

88 一切都相互关联：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.xviii; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.vi.

88 安第斯山脉的植被带：AH Geography 2009, p.77; AH Geography 1807, p.35ff.; AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.11; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.12.

88 “高屋建瓴”地理解自然：AH Cosmos

1845–1852, vol.1, p.40; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.39.

88 “一瞥之间”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.11; 关于山峰对 AH 的启发：see also p.347; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.12.

88 “自然之图”的草图：AH Geography 2009, p.61; AH Geography 1807, p.iii; Holl 2009, pp.181–183 and Fiedler and Leitner 2000, p.234.

88 “在一页纸上展现微观的宇宙”：AH to Marc-Auguste Pictet, 3 February 1805, Dove 1881, p.103.

88 “自然是一个有机的整体”：AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.39, （原文是“belebtes Naturganzes . . . Nicht ein todtes Aggregat ist die Natur”）。《宇宙》英文版翻译‘living connections’并不能准确地传达 AH 的原意，完全漏掉了后面半句，即自然并不是僵死的拼合物。AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.40.

88 “令生命到处繁衍的普世力量”：AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.3; AH Views 2014, p.155; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2, p.3.

88 “有机的力量运作不息”：AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.10; AH Views 2014, p.158; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2, p.11.

88 “唯有通过与整体关联才变得重要”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.41; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.40.

88 “自然之图”：发表于洪堡的《植物地理学随笔》（1807）。

89 “多样性中的统一性”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.48; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.55, 德文原文为“Einheit in der Vielheit”.

90 原住民语言之精深：AH, 12 April 1803–20 January 1804, Mexico, AH Diary 1982, p.187; AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, pp.51–52.

90 “未来” “永恒”“存在”：Ibid., p.52.

90 古代手稿：Ibid., p.50.

90 金鸡纳老树已经稀有：AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.268; AH Views 2014, p.268; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2, p.319; see also AH, 23–28 July 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.126–130.

90 磁倾赤道：AH, Abstract of Humboldt’s and Bonpland’s Expedition, end of June 1804, AH Letters USA 2004, p.507; Helferich 2005, p.242.

91 AH 关于洪堡寒流：Kortum 1999, pp.98–100; in particular AH to Heinrich Berghaus, 21 February 1840, p.98.

91 “我们必须将这个星球上相隔最远的区域中观察到的事物进行比较”：AH Views 2014, p.244; AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.215; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2,p.254.

91 “似乎显而易见”的答案：AH 在墨西哥城的向导这样议论他：1803, Beck 1959,p.26.

92 像小男孩一样，外套口袋里装满：Ibid.,p.27.

92 科托帕希火山喷发：AH, 31 January–6 February 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.182ff.

92 信使：Ibid., p.184.

92 AH 听到科托帕希火山的轰鸣：AH Cordilleras 1814, vol.1, p.119; AH Cordilleren 1810, vol.1, p.58.

92 “我每天都变得更加凄惶”：AH, 27 February 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2,p.190.

8 政治与自然

94 对飓风的描述：AH, 29 April–20 May 1804, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.301ff.

94 AH 接近死亡：Ibid., p.302.

94 AH 在墨西哥：AH, Aus Meinem Leben （1769–1850）, in Biermann 1987, p.103.94 AH 回到欧洲的理由：AH, Abstract of Humboldt’s and Bonpland’s Expedition, end of June 1804, AH Letters USA 2004,p.508.

95 仿佛生活在月球上：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 29 April 1803, AH Letters America 1993, p.230.

96 “1789 年的理念”：AH Diary 1982, p.12.

96 “自由神殿”：AH to Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, 3 January 1791, AH Letters 1973,p.118.

96 “深知自由来之不易”：AH to Jefferson, 24 May 1804, Terra 1959, p.788.

96 “我自小便仰慕您的言行”：Ibid., p.787.

96 “在见证了安第斯山脉……之后”：AH to James Madison, 24 May 1804, ibid., p.796.

96 “直如枪杆”：Edmund Bacon 对杰斐逊的描述：Bear 1967, p.71.

96 杰斐逊的孙子孙女：1804 年，杰斐逊共有七位孙子孙女：其中六位是他女儿玛莎的子女（Anne Cary, Thomas Jefferson, Ellen Wayles, Cornelia Jefferson, Virginia Jefferson, Mary Jefferson） ，另一位是最近去世的女儿玛丽亚的遗腹女：Francis Wayles Eppes。

96 杰斐逊和孩子们玩耍：Margaret Bayard Smith about Jefferson, Hunt 1906, p.405; see also Edmund Bacon about Jefferson, Bear 1967, p.85.

97 从不荒废时间：Edmund Bacon and Jefferson’s Memoir about Jefferson, Bear 1967, pp.12, 18, 72–78.

97 “生活中最危险的毒药”：Jefferson to Martha Jefferson, 21 May 1787, TJ Papers, vol.11, p.370.

97 爱书狂：Jefferson to Lucy Paradise, 1 June 1789, ibid., vol.15, p.163.

97 杰斐逊游历欧洲：Wulf 2011, pp.35–57, 70.

97 刘易斯和克拉克的考察：杰斐逊对刘易斯的指示：1803, Jackson 1978, vol.1, pp.61–6.

98 “对这个新世界寄托了更特别的希望”：Jefferson to AH, 28 May 1804, Terra 1959, p.788; see also Vincent Gray to James Madison, 8 May 1804, Madison Papers SS, vol.7, pp.191–192.

98 到华盛顿的旅行：Charles Willson Peale Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, entry 29 May 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, p.680ff.

98 美国经济发展：North 1974, p.70ff.

98 国家应以农耕，还是以商业为本？：Wulf 2011, p.83ff.

98 华盛顿城市规划的意义：Ibid., p.129ff.

99 华盛顿的城市规模：Friis 1959, p.171.

99 马车经常倾覆：John Quincy Adams, in Young 1966, p.44.

99 白宫: 当时这座建筑还被称为总统府。 “白宫”的称法首次见于 1811 年。Wulf 2011, p.125.

99 杰斐逊的衣物：William Muir Whitehill in 1803, Froncek 1977, p.85.

99 “脏兮兮的，一片荒凉”：Thomas Moore in 1804, Norton 1976, p.211.

100 去除笼罩在总统这一角色头顶的神秘光环：Wulf 2011, p.145ff.

100 外套“磨得开了线”：William Plumer, 10 November 1804 and 29 July 1805, Plumer 1923, pp.193, 333.

100 “魁梧的农夫”：Sir Augustus John Foster in 1805–1807, Foster 1954, p.10.

100 “没有什么比翻耕泥土”：Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 20 August 1811, TJ Papers RS, vol.4, p.93.

100 “比一个刚刚解开锁链的囚犯还自由”：Jefferson to Pierre-Samuel du Pont de Nemours, 2 March 1809, Jefferson 1944, p. 394.

100 “从最不起眼的野草”：Margaret Bayard Smith about Jefferson, Hunt 1906, p.393.

100 为白宫寄去种子：Wulf 2011, p.149.

100 杰斐逊和乳齿象：Thomson 2012, p.51ff.

100 杰斐逊博通各门学问：For details see Jefferson 1997 and Jefferson 1944; Jefferson to Ellen Wayles Randolph, 8 December 1807, Jefferson 1986, p.316; Edmund Bacon about Jefferson, Bear 1967,p.33.

100 美国哲学学会的主席：Jefferson to American Philosophical Society, 28 January 1797, TJ Papers, vol. 29, p.279.

101 “一位开明的哲学家”：Alexander Wilson to William Bartram, 4 March 1805, Wilson 1983, p.232.

101 AH 与杰斐逊见面：Charles Willson Peale Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, entry, 2 June 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2,p.690.

101 杰斐逊的书房：Margaret Bayard Smith about Jefferson, Hunt 1906, pp.385, 396; for inventions, see Isaac Jefferson about Jefferson, Bear 1967, p.18; Thomson 2012, p.166ff.

101 “您正好撞见我在扮演傻瓜的角色”：Margaret Bayard Smith about Jefferson, Hunt 1906, p.396.

101 “哲学家般俭朴的生活”：AH to Jefferson, 27 June 1804, Terra 1959, p.789.

101 AH 在华盛顿：Charles Willson Peale Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, pp.690–700.

101“所有人关注的对象”：Caspar Wistar jr to James Madison, 29 May 1804, Madison Papers SS, vol.7, p.265.

101 “一场精彩绝伦的知识盛宴”：Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, Friis 1959, p.176.

101 “在场的所有女士”：Dolley Madison to Anna Payne Cutts, 5 June 1804, ibid.,p.175.

102 AH 向政治人物们通报情况：Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, ibid., p.176.

102 AH 的地图：Charles Willson Peale, Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, entry 30 May 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, p.684; 路易·阿加西后来称，AH 的测量结果显示此前的地图误差极大，墨西哥的位置甚至偏离了三百英里之远。Agassiz 1869, pp.14–15.

102 “惊人”的博学：Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, Friis 1959, p.176.

102 杰斐逊收集关于墨西哥的材料：Ibid., p.177; Jefferson’s table with information “Louisiana and Texas Description, 1804”, DLC; see also Terra 1959, p.786.

102 语速“是普通人的两倍”：Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, Friis 1959, p.176.

102 混杂了这几种语言：Charles Willson Peale Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, entry 29 May 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, p.683.

102 “喷涌着丰沛水流的知识源泉”：Charles Willson Peale to John De Peyster, 27 June 1804, ibid., p.725.

102 “十分杰出的人物”：Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, Friis 1959,p.176.

102 “我们时代最具科学精神的人”：Jefferson to William Armistead Burwell, 1804, ibid., p.181.

102 边境争议：Jefferson to AH, 9 June 1804, Terra 1959, p.789; see also Rebok 2006, p.131; Rebok 2014, pp.48–50.

102 “在那两条线之间”：Jefferson to AH, 9 June 1804, Terra 1959, p.789.

103 “即便他们的国家彼此为敌”：Jefferson to John Hollins, 19 February 1809, Rebok 2006, p.126.

103 关于有争议领土的情况：AH to Jefferson, undated, AH Letters America 1993, p.307.

103 “信息宝藏”：Jefferson to Caspar Wistar, 7 June 1804, DLC.

103 AH 给杰斐逊的摘记：Friis 1959, pp.178–179; AH’s report for Jefferson, and AH, Abstract of Humboldt’s and Bonpland’s Expedition, end of June 1804: AH Letters USA 2004, pp.484–494,

497–509.

103 杰斐逊的内阁会议：Jefferson to James Madison 4 July 1804 and Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 3 July 1804, Madison Papers SS, vol.7, p.421.

103 “呼吸自由的空气最美好”：AH to Albert Gallatin, 20 June 1804; see also AH to Jefferson, 27 June 1804, Terra 1959, pp.789, 801.

103 这片“美丽的土地”：AH to James Madison, 21 June 1804, ibid., p.796.

103 “通过暴力或者交换”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.2.

104 “人肉机器”：AH, 7 August–10 September 1803, Guanajuato, Mexico, AH Diary 1982, p.211.

104 AH 对于劳役制度的看法：AH, 9–12 September 1802, Hualgayoc, Peru, ibid., p.208.

104 “从天而降”的东西：AH, February 1802,Quito, ibid., p.106.

104 根基是“不道德的”：AH, 23 October–24 December 1802, Lima, Peru, ibid., p.232.

104 “只要稍加耕作”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.79.

104 土地变得贫瘠：Ibid., vol.4, p.120.

104 被逐渐掏空的矿井，以及 AH 的预测：AH, 22 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, pp.208–209.

104 古巴森林的消失：AH Cuba 2011, p.115; AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7,p.201.

104 “补充营养的蔬果”：AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.105; see also AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7, p.161; AH Cuba 2011, p.95.

104 “整座岛屿就会陷入饥饿”：AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1,p.87.

105 自给自足的农耕模式：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7, p.161; AH Cuba 2011, p.95; AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.105.

105 “紧密相连的树林”：AH, 30 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.238.

105 墨西哥城的灌溉系统：AH, 1–2 August 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.253–257.

105 水利工程师的愚蠢决定：AH, 30 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.238.

105 “唯一随时间变化而不断增加的资本”：AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.454.

105 “欧洲人不明智的举动”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7, p.236.

105 “我们的政府”：Jefferson to James Madison, 20 December 1787, TJ Papers, vol.12, p.442.

105 “千百万尚未出生的人民”：Jefferson to Representatives of the Territory of Indiana, 28 December 1805, DLC.

105 杰斐逊的农业试验：Wulf 2011, pp.113–20; 关于轮换耕作：Jefferson to George Washington, 12 September 1795, TJ Papers, vol.28, pp.464–465; 19 June 1796, TJ Papers, vol.29, pp.128–9; 关于新式犁板：TJ to John Sinclair, 23 March 1798, TJ Papers, vol. 30, p.202; Thomson 2012, pp.171–172.

105 “我每天都翘首以待”：Jefferson to James Madison, 19 May, 9 June, 1 September 1793, TJ Papers, vol.26, pp.62, 241, vol.27, p.7.

106 “对一个国家所能做的最大贡献”：Jefferson, Summary of Public Service, after 2 September 1800, ibid., vol. 32, p.124.

106 杰斐逊与植物：关于高山稻米：see Wulf 2011, p.70; Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, 14 July 1787, TJ Papers, vol.11, p.587; 关于被判死刑的风险：see Jefferson to John Jay, 4 May 1787, TJ Papers, vol.11, p.339; 关于糖枫树的引进：see Wulf 2011, p.94ff.;关于 330 种蔬菜和药草：see Hatch 2012, p.4.

106 “美国最重要利益的真正代表”：Jefferson to Arthur Campbell, 1 September 1797, TJ Papers, vol.29, p.522.

106 “没有祖国”的商人：Jefferson to Horatio Gates Spafford, 17 March 1814, TJ RS Papers, vol.7, p.248; 杰斐逊对持有土地以及所有权对道德影响的看法, see Jefferson 1982, p.165.

106 “小户土地拥有者”：Jefferson to Madison, 28 October 1785, TJ Papers, vol.8, p.682.

106 为每一个自由人提供 50 英亩土地：杰斐逊为弗吉尼亚洲草拟的宪法：before 13 June 1776（all three drafts included this provision）, TJ Papers, vol.1, p.337ff.

106 “社会本身就一定越自由”：Madison, ‘Republican Distribution of Citizens’, National Gazette, 2 March 1792.

106 “关于自由与独立的强烈意识”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3,p.15.

106 AH 与奴隶制的不道德性：AH Geography 2009, p.134; AH Geography 1807, p.171; see also AH Cuba 2012, p.142ff.; AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7, p.260ff.

106 “每一滴蔗糖汁液”：AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.87. 106 欧洲人所谓的“文明”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.1, p.127.

106 “对财富的渴望”：Ibid., vol.3, p.3.

106 杰斐逊躺卧在一位黑奴怀中的枕头上：Wulf 2011, p.41.

107 “完全不受金钱诱惑”：Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 26 January 1789, TJ Papers, vol.14, p.492.

107 “最邪恶的制度”：AH Cuba 2011, p.144; AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.7,p.263.

107 “不光彩的”，以及“不能单纯用出口数额来衡量”：AH to William Thornton, 20 June 1804, AH Letters America 1993, pp.199–200.

108 “剖腹与剥皮哪个更好过些”：AH, 4 Jan–17 February, “Colonies”, AH Diary 1982, p.66.

108 对奴隶的虐待：AH, 9–10 June 1800, ibid., p.255.

108 原住民男孩的睾丸：AH, Lima 23 October–24 December 1802, fragment titled “Missions”, ibid., p.145.

108 将自己的产业划分成小型农庄：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, pp.126–127; see for farms between Honda an d Bo go tá, AH, 23 June–8 Ju l y 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.87.

108 “我反复流连于这些细节”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.128.

108 “所有反自然的事物都不公正、败坏、无效”：AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.87.

108 比白人更低劣的种族：Jefferson 1982,p.143.

108 “同样的类型特征”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.4, p.474; 关于人类种族的同一性：see also AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, pp.351, 355; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, pp.381–385; AH Cordilleras 1814, vol.1, 1814, p.15.

108 “所有人都为自由而生”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.355; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.385.

108 “自然是自由之域”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.1, p.3; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.1, p.4.

9 欧洲

111 护卫舰“法弗利”号：AH to James Madison, 21 June 1804, Terra 1959, p.796.

111 AH 的收藏品：AH Geography 2009, p.86; Wulf 2008, p.195; AH, Aus Meinem Leben（1769–1850）, Biermann 1987, p.104.

111 “如果能再次回到巴黎那该多好”：AH to Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, 25 November 1802, Bruhns 1873, vol.1,p.324.

111 “我觉得自己像个新来的人”：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 1 August 1804, AH Letters America 1993, p.310.

112 AH 选择了巴黎：AH, Aus Meinem Leben（1769–1850）, in Biermann 1987, p.104.

112 两头活的大象：Stott 2012, p.189.

112 拿破仑统治下的巴黎：Horne 2004, p.162ff.; Marrinan 2009, p.298; John Scott, 1814, Scott 1816; Thomas Dibdin, 16 June 1818, Dibdin 1821, vol.2, pp.76–79.

113 “好像他们的住处只是用来睡觉的”：Robert Southey to Edith Southey, 17 May 1817, Southey 1965, vol.2, p.162.

113 “哲学家”和小丑：John Scott, 1814, Scott 1816, pp.98–99.

113 “全心全意地致力于享受”：Ibid., p.116.

113 “永远都处在激动不安的情绪中”：Thomas Dibdin, 16 June 1818, Dibdin 1821, vol.2, p.76.

114 阶级与阅读：John Scott, 1814, Scott 1816, pp.68, 125.

114 “关于高等数学疑难问题的对话”：Ibid.,p.84.

114 盖伊-吕萨克到达 23 000 英尺高空：AH Geography 2009, p.136; AH Geography 1807, p.176.

114 AH 和盖伊-吕萨克同处一室：Casper Voght, 16 March 1808, Voght 1959–1965, vol.3, p.116; see also Bruhns 1873, vol.2, p.6.

115 像“死而复生”：Goethe to WH, 30 July 1804, Goethe’s Day 1982–1996, vol.4, p.511; AH 被提名柏林科学学会主席：Christian Gottfried Kärner to Friedrich Schiller, 11 September 1804, Schiller Letters 1943–2003, vol.40, p.246.

115 CH 在巴黎：Geier 2010, p.237; Gersdorff 2013, p.108ff.

115 “神话中的怪物”：WH to CH, 29 August 1804, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.2,p.232.

116 “好像两天前才刚刚离开我们一样”：CH to WH, 28 August 1804, ibid., p.231.116 他的德国特性（Deutschheit）：CH to WH, 22 August 1804, ibid., p.226.

116 “一个人必须为祖国尽责”：WH to CH, 29 August 1804, ibid., p.232.

116 再也无意返回柏林：AH to WH, 28 March 1804, quoted in WH to CH, 6 June 1804, ibid., p.182.

116 只会“做个鬼脸”：CH to WH, 12 September 1804, ibid., p.249.

116 “我正享有前所未有的荣耀”：AH to WH, 14 October 1804, Biermann 1987, p.178.

116 邦普兰返回拉罗歇尔：Beck 1959–1961, vol.2, p.1.

116 AH 在科学院演讲：19, 24 September and 15, 29 October 1804, AH Letters America 1993, p.15.

116 “一个人统括了整个科学院的所有研究领域”：Claude Louis Berthollet about AH, in AH to WH, 14 October 1804, Biermann 1987, p.179.

116 批评者们变得热情：AH to WH, 14 October 1804, ibid., p.178.

116 “夜晚和白天融为一体”：George Ticknor, April 1817, AH Letters USA 2004, p.516.

117 AH 的成果分享给别人：AH to WH, 14 October 1804, Biermann 1987, p.179.

117 AH 分享标本：AH to Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten, 10 March 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.350.

117 邦普兰的年薪：AH to WH, 14 October 1804, Biermann 1987, p.179; Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.398; AH to Jardin des Plantes, 1804, Schneppen 2002, p.10.

117 AH 想念南美洲：AH to Carl Freiesleben, 1 August 1804, AH Letters America 1993,p.310.

117 AH 遇见玻利瓦尔：Arana 2013, p.57; Heiman 1959, pp.221-224

117 AH 由蒙图法尔引见（脚注）：Arana, 2013, p.57; AH, January 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.177.

117 玻利瓦尔在巴黎：Lynch 2006, p.22ff.; Arana 2013, p.53ff.

117 玻利瓦尔的牙齿：O’Leary 1969, p.30.

117 玻利瓦尔拜访 AH：Arana 2013, p.58; Heiman 1959, p.224.

118 AH 绘声绘色地讲述美洲：Bol í var to AH, 10 November 1821, Minguet 1986,p.743.

118 AH, 玻利瓦尔及革命：AH to Bol í var, 29 July 1822, ibid., pp.749–750.

118 “伪善的暴君”：Arana 2013, p.59.

118 殖民地人民缺乏领袖：AH to Bol í var, 1804, Beck 1959, pp.30–31.

118 “如神一样坚强”：Bol í var to AH in Paris, 1804, AH Diary 1982, p.11.

118 希望拉丁美洲独立：Recounted by AH to Daniel F. O’Leary, 1853, Beck 1969, p.266; AH saw O’Leary in April 1853 in Berlin, AH to O’Leary, April 1853, MSS141, Biblioteca Luis ängel Arango, Bo go tá（我要感谢波哥大哈维里亚那天主教大学的阿尔伯托·戈麦斯·古蒂埃雷斯告知我这一份手稿的存在）.

118 “缺乏信任的政府”：AH, 4 January–17 February 1803, “Colonies”, AH Diary 1982, p.65.

118 称赞华盛顿和富兰克林：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.196.

118 殖民地的种族隔阂：AH, 4 January–17 February 1803, “Colonies”, AH Diary 1982, p.65.

118 “白色共和国”：AH, 25 February 1800, ibid., p.255.

118 邦普兰鼓励玻利瓦尔：AH to Daniel F. O’Leary, 1853, Beck 1969, p.266.

118 “我们争相为新大陆的独立与自由立下誓言”：AH to Bol í var, 29 July 1822, Minguet 1986, p.749.

118 AH 太过仓促地作判断：AH to Johann Leopold Neumann, 23 June 1791, AH Letters 1973, p.142.

119 指出别人的过错：Carl Voght, 14 February 1808, Voght 1959–1967, vol.3,p.95.

119 “通心粉国王”：AH to Varnhagen, 9 November 1856, Biermann and Schwarz, 2001b, no page numbers.

119 “冰川先生”：AH to Ignaz von Olfers, after 19 December 1850, ibid.

119 温柔且十分脆弱：WH to CH, 18 September 1804, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.2, p.252.

119 用法语写信：WH to CH, 6 June 1804, ibid., p.183.

119 泛泛的表示：CH to WH, 4 November 1804, ibid., p.274.

119 给 AH 写一封严肃的长信：CH to WH, 3 September 1804, ibid., p.238.

119 “让他独自生活”：CH to WH, 16 September 1804, see also WH to CH, 18 September 1804, ibid., pp.250, 252.

120 所有欧洲国家：CH to WH, 28 August 1804, ibid., p.231.

120 “最合适的帮手”：AH to John Vaughan, 10 June 1805, Terra 1958, p.562ff.

120 AH 对出版书籍的想法：AH to MarcAuguste Pictet, 3 February 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, pp.345–347; AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 21 February 1801, Biermann 1987, p.171–172.

120 木匠重新刨平桌面：Terra 1955, p.219; Podach 1959, p.209.

120 AH 离开巴黎：Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.351.

121 AH 翻越阿尔卑斯山：Ibid.; AH to Archibald MacLean, 6 November 1791, AH Letters 1973, p.157.

121 AH 在罗马：WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.2, p.298; AH to Aim é Bonpland, 10 June 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.352.

121 WH 和 CH 的住宅：Gersdorff 2013, p.93ff.

121 利奥泼德·冯·布赫：Werner 2004, p.115ff.

122 玻利瓦尔步行前往意大利：O’Leary 1915, p.86; Arana 2013, p.61ff.

122 “一个梦想家”：AH to Daniel F. O’Leary, 1853, Beck 1969, p.266.

122 “伟大智慧和成熟谨慎”：Vicente Rocafuerte to AH, 17 December 1824, Rippy and Brann 1947, p.702.

122 只会煽风点火的“空想家”：Rodr í guez 2011, p.67; see also Werner 2004, pp.116–117.

123 维苏威火山的喷发：Elisa von der Recke, Diary 13 August 1805, Recke 1815, vol.3, p.271ff.

123 “维苏威决定向洪堡致以声势洁大的问候”：Mr Chenevix about AH, Charles Bladgen to Joseph Banks, 25 September 1805, Banks 2007, vol.5, p.452.

123 “土星近旁的一颗小行星”：AH to Aim é Bonpland, 1 August 1805, Heiman 1959, p.229.

123 玻利瓦尔在萨科罗山：Arana 2013, p.65ff.

123 在“打碎镣铐之前”：Bol í var’s vow, Rippy and Brann 1947, p.703.

10 柏林

124 AH 前往柏林：AH to Spener or Sander, 28 October 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1,p.354.

124 柏林附近令人乏味的地势：AH to Fü rst Pü c k l er-Mu s kau, Bi er man n un d S ch wa r z 1999a, p.183.

124 “热带体质”：AH to Johann Georg von Cotta, 9 March 1844, AH Cotta Letters 2009, p.259; see also AH to Goethe, 6 February 1806, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.298.

124 地面好像在烧灼脚底：AH to de Beer, 22 April 1806, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.358.

124 AH 的王室津贴：Ibid., p.355.

124 与工匠和 WH 的收入比较：Merseburger 2009, p.76; WH to CH, 19 June 1810, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.3, p.418.

124 “令人窒息”：AH to Marc-Auguste Pictet, November or December 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.354.

125 拿破仑对腓特烈·威廉三世的评价：Terra 1955, p.244.

125 不公开王室职务：AH to Marc-Auguste Pictet, 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.355.

125 AH 为宫廷琐事牵绊：Leopold von Buch, Diary 23 Jan 1806, Werner 2004, p.117.

125 AH 与花园别墅：Bruhns 1873, vol.1,p.356.

125 进行磁学观测的小屋：Ibid.; Biermann and Schwarz 1999a, p.187.

125 盖伊-吕萨克离开柏林：Werner 2004,p.79.

125 “与世隔绝，像个陌生人”：AH to de Beer, 22 April 1806, Bruhns 1873, vol.1,p.358.

125 邦普兰不喜欢案头工作：AH to Carl Ludwig Willdenow, 17 May 1810, Fiedler and Leitner 2000, p.251.

126 “特别是在拉丁文解释以及数字方面”：AH to Bonpland, 21 December 1805; for AH and Bonpland’s publications, see AH to Bonpland, 1 August 1805, 4 January 1806, 8 March 1806, 27 June 1806, Biermann 1990, pp.179–180.

126 “本书的大部分写作都在……完成”：AH Geography 2009, p.61.

127 “世人喜欢眼见为实”：AH to MarcAuguste Pictet, 3 February 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.347.

127 “疏阔的线条”：AH Geography 2009,p.64.

127 “自然中的联系”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.1, p.xlv.

127 “长形条带”：AH Geography 2009, p.66; AH Geography 1807, p.7.

127 AH 在书中讲解植物的分布（脚注）：AH Geography 2009, pp.68, 75, 96; AH Geography 1807, pp.11, 31, 82–83.

128 农业与植物：AH Geography 2009, pp.71–72; AH Geography 1807, pp.16–

21.

128 帝国与植物：AH Geography 2009, pp.72–73; AH Geography 1807, pp.23–24.

128 “远古”联系：AH Geography 2009, p.67; AH Geography 1807, p.9.

128 大陆板块漂移理论：德国地质学家 Alfred Wegener 于 1912 年提出了板块漂移理论，但该理论直到 20 世纪 50 至 60 年代才最终得到确证。

128 极难想象的类似性：AH Geography 2009, p.79; AH Geography 1807, p.40.

128 “整体的体现”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.2, p.86; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.2, p.89（德文原文“Abglanz des Ganzen”）.

128 “已经按照自己近旁小山的形状”：AH Geography 2009, p.69; AH Geography 1807, p.13.

128 “唤醒我们的想象力与灵魂”：AH Geography 2009, p.79; AH Geography 1807, p.41.

128 AH 提到谢林：AH Geography 1807, p.v; 洪堡为德文版和法文版撰写了不同的序言。

128 谢林的“自然哲学”：Richards 2002, pp.114–203.

128 “整体把握自然之必要性”：Henrik Steffens, 1798, in ibid., p.151.

128 “自身即等同于自然”：Schelling, in Richards 2002, p.134.

129 “实证主义王子”：K.J.H. Windischmann to Schelling, 24 March 1806, Werner 2000,p.8.

129 “争吵不休的两极”：AH Geography 1807, p.v.

129 “有机体”的概念及其内部的关联性：Richards 2002, pp.138, 129ff.

129 一场科学中的“革命”：AH to F.W.J. Schelling, 1 February 1805, Werner 2000,p.6.

129 “堆砌起来的枯燥事实”：AH to Christian Carl Josias Bunsen, 22 March 1835, AH Bunsen Letters 2006, p.29.

129 源于“您作品的影响”：AH to Goethe, 3 January 1810, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.304; see also AH to Caroline von Wolzogen, 14 May 1806, Goethe AH WH Letters 1876, p.407.

129 “我多么希望能够亲身聆听”：Goethe 2002, p.222.

129 歌德“狼吞虎咽地”读完《随笔》：Goethe to Johann Friedrich von Cotta, 8 April 1813, Goethe Natural Science 1989,p.524.

129 歌德重读《随笔》：Goethe, 17, 18, 19, 20, 28 March 1807, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.3, pt.1, pp.298–299, 301; Goethe to AH, 3 April 1807, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.3, p.41.

129 歌德与“自然之图”（脚注）：Goethe to AH, 3 April 1807, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.3, p.41; Goethe, 5 May and 3 June 1807, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.3, pt.1, pp.308, 322.

130 歌德关于 AH 著作的演讲：Goethe, 1 April 1807, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.3, pt.1, p.302; Charlotte von Schiller, 1 April 1807, Goethe Encounters 1965–2000, vol.6, p.241; Goethe, Geognostische Vorlesungen, 1 April 1807, Goethe Natural Science 1989, p.540.

130 “这阵美学的微风”：Goethe’s review of Humboldt’sIdeen zu einer Physiognomik der Gewächse, 31 January 1806,Jenaer Allgemeine Zeitung, Goethe Morphologie 1987, p.379.

130 《随笔》在德国的出版：Johann Friedrich von Cotta to Goethe, 12 January 1807, Goethe Letters 1980–2000, vol.5, p.215.

132 普鲁士的大学：Geier 2010, p.266.

132 “埋葬在祖国郁郁不乐的瓦砾中”：AH to Christian Gottlieb Heyne, 13 November 1807, ibid., p.254.

132 “为何我没有在……”：AH to Johann Friedrich von Cotta, 14 February 1807, AH Cotta Letters 2009, p.78.

132 《自然之观点》成为畅销书：Fiedler and Leitner 2000, pp.38–69.

132 《自然之观点》是 AH 的最爱：Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.357.

132 “地球闪耀的子宫”以及其他引文：AH Views 2014, pp.30, 38, 108, 121, 126; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, pp.3, 20, 189, 216, 224; AH Ansichten 1808, pp.4, 5, 33–34, 140, 298, 316（引文摘自不同版本）。

132 “将它们发红的磷光浇注到”：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.231; AH Views 2014, p.129; AH Ansichten 1808, pp.329–330.

132 文字的“旋律性”：AH to Johann Friedrich von Cotta, 21 February 1807, AH Cotta Letters 2009, p.80.

132 《自然之观点》中的注释（脚注）：AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.112ff.; AH Views 2014, p.201ff.; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2, p.135（这段话没有出现在 1808 年德文版中，但与 185 页内容类似）.

133 与我们的内心情感沟通：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.208; AH Views 2014, p.117; AH Ansichten 1808, p.284.

133 生命之网：AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, pp.7–8; AH Views 2014, pp.157–158; AH Ansichten 1808, p.163ff.

133 “自然力量的内部联系”：AH Ansichten 1808, p.vii（德文原文：‘in den inneren Zusammenhang der Naturkräfte’）; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.viii; AH Views 2014, p.25.

133 “一种自然图像”：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.207; AH Views 2014, p.117; AH Ansichten 1808, p.282.

133 AH 在柏林郁郁寡欢：Beck 1959–1961, vol.2, p.16.

133 “与我一起……”：AH Views 2014, pp.25– 26; AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.ix; AH Ansichten 1808, p.viii.

133 “生活中的惊涛骇浪”：AH Aspects 1849, vol.1, p.ix; AH Views 2014, p.25; AH Ansichten 1808, p.viii.

133 “跟着你潜入了……”：Goethe to AH, 16 May 1821, Goethe Correspondence 1968–1976, vol.3, p.505.

133 “相信自己正在跟随作者”：FranäoisRen é de Chateaubriand, in Clark and Lubrich 2012b, p.29.

133 梭罗与《自然之观点》：Sattelmeyer 1988, p.207; Thoreau to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 19 December 1853, Thoreau Correspondence 1958, p.310; Thoreau referred to it inThe Maine WoodsandExcursionsamong other works.

133 “布满蛛网”的天空：Emerson 1959–1972, vol.3, p.213; for Emerson, Views of Nature and AH see also Emerson in 1849, Emerson 1960–1992, vol.11, pp.91, 157; Harding 1967, p.143; Walls 2009, p.251ff.

133 达尔文与《自然之观点》：Darwin to Catherine Darwin, 5 July 1832, Darwin Correspondence, vol.1, p.247.

133 凡尔纳与 AH：Schifko 2010; Clark and Lubrich 2012, pp.24–25, 170–175, 191, 204–205, 214–223.

134 “我还能做些什么呢”：Jules Verne’s Captain Grant’s Children（《格兰特船长的儿女》）（1865–1867）.

134 AH 与尼莫船长：Jules Verne’sTwenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, 1869–1870（《海底两万里》）, Clark and Lubrich 2012, pp.174, 191–192.

134 “繁盛的马铃薯田”：AH to C.G.J. Jacobi, 21 November 1841, Biermann and Schwarz 2001b, no page numbers.

134 “我不同意亚历山大留在巴黎”：WH to CH, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.4,p.188.

134 AH 给国王写信：AH, Aus Meinem Leben（1769–1850）, in Biermann 1987, p.113.

11 巴黎

135 苦于进度不够快：AH to Goethe, 3 January 1810, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.305; see also AH to Franz Xaver von Zach, 14 May 1806, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.360.

135 “忧郁症”和其他借口：AH to Johann Friedrich von Cotta, 6 June 1807, 13 November 1808, 11 December 1812, AH Cotta Letters 2009, pp.81, 94, 115.

135 “欧洲任何一位植物学家”：AH to Bonpland, 7 September 1810, AH Bonpland Letters 2004, p.57; see also Fiedler and Leitner 2000, p.251.

135 《美洲山系一览》：本书分七部，于 1810-1813 年间陆续出版。

135 “自然与艺术在我的工作中紧密相连”：AH to Goethe, 3 January 1810, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.304; see also Goethe, 18 January 1810, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.4, pt.1, p.111.

135 信使将书送来：Goethe, 18 January 1810, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.4, pt.1,p.111.

135 歌德与《一览》：Goethe, 18, 19, 20 and 21 January 1810, Goethe Diary 1998–2007, vol.4, pt.2, pp.111–112.

135 AH 发信提问：For example David Warden to AH, 9 May 1809, AH Letters USA 2004, p.111; AH to Alexander von Rennenkampff, 7 January 1812, Biermann 1987, p.196.

136 “全世界最伟大的人之一”：Jefferson to AH, 13 June 1817, Terra 1959, p.795.

136 AH 将著作寄给杰斐逊：Jefferson to AH, 6 March 1809, 14 April 1811, 6 December 1813; AH to Jefferson, 12 June 1809, 23 September 1810, 20 December 1811; William Gray to Jefferson, 18 May 1811, TJ RS Papers, vol.1, pp.24, 266, vol.3, pp.108, 553, 623, vol.4, pp.353–354, vol.7, p.29; AH to Jefferson, 30 May 1808, Terra 1959, p.789.

136 AH 与班克斯：AH to Banks, 15 November 1800; Bonpland to Banks, 20 February 1810; Banks to James Edward Smith, 2 February 1815 （为 AH 索求毛里求斯棕榈的标本）; Banks to Charles Bladgen, 28 February 1815, Banks 2007, vol.5, pp.63ff.; vol.6, pp. 27–28; 164–165; 171; AH to Banks, 23 February 1805, BL Add Ms 8099 ff.391–392; AH to Banks, 10 July 1809, BL Add Ms 8100 ff.43–44.

136 “三幢不同的房子里”：Adelbert von Chamisso to Eduard Hitzig, 16 February 1810, Beck 1959, p.37; AH to MarcAuguste Pictet, March 1808, Bruhns 1873, vol.2, p.6; Caspar Voght, 16 March 1808, Voght 1959–1965, vol.3, p.95.

136 AH 和昆特（脚注）：AH to Johann Georg von Cotta, 14 April 1850, AH Cotta Letters 2009, p.430; see also Biermann 1990,p.183.

136 所谓的“阁楼之旅”：Carl Vogt, January 1845, Beck 1959, p.206.

136 阿拉戈的科学探险之旅：“An Autobiography of Francis Arago”, Arago 1857, p.12ff.

137 “尖牙利齿”：Arago about AH, Biermann and Schwarz 2001b, no page numbers.

137 “委屈得像个孩子”：Adolphe Quetelet, 1822, Bruhns 1873, vol.2, p.58.

137 连体双胞胎兄弟：AH to Arago, 31 December 1841, AH Arago Letters 1907, p.224.

137 “生命中最愉快的收获”：AH to Arago, 31 July 1848, ibid., p.290.

137 “你知道他的热情”：WH to CH, 1 November 1817, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.6,p.30.

137 “亚历山大本可以保住”：WH to CH, 14 January 1809, ibid., vol.3, p.70.

137 WH 和爱国者应尽的责任：Geier 2010,p.272.

137 “已经丢失了德国人的品质”：WH to CH, 3 December 1817, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.6, p.64; see also WH to CH, 6 December 1813 and 8 November 1817, ibid., vol.4, p.188 and vol.6., pp.43–44.

137 AH 无意回到柏林：WH to CH, 10 July 1810, ibid., vol.3, p.433.

137 “你对植物学感兴趣是吗”：Napoleon to AH, recounted by Goethe to Friedrich von Müller, Müller Diary, 28 May 1825, Goethe AH WH Letters 1876, p353.

137 “意见无法被左右”：Humboldt Commemorations, 2 June 1859,Journal of American Geological and Statistical Society, 1859, vol.1, p.235.

137 AH 将著作送给拿破仑：Podach 1959, pp.198, 201–202.

138 “拿破仑恨我”：AH 在一次谒见拿破仑之后所说：1804, Beck 1959–1961, vol.2, p.2.

138 法国科学家从政：Serres 1995, p.431.

138 《埃及述记》与 AH：Krätz 1999a, p.113.

138 拿破仑读到 AH 作品：Beck 1959–1961, vol.2, p.16.

138 秘密警察、贿赂车夫、搜查房间：Daudet 1912, pp.295–365; Krätz 1999a,p.113.

138 秘密报告：George Monge’s report, 4 March 1808: Podach 1959, p.200.

138 拿破仑、AH 和沙普塔尔：Podach 1959, p.200ff.

139 普洛寇普咖啡馆的早餐：Carl Vogt, January 1845, Beck 1959, p.207.

139 “去洪堡先生那儿”：Bruhns 1873, vol.2,p.89.

139 “巴黎社会的偶像”：George Ticknor, April 1817, AH Letters USA 2004, p.516. 139 在任何场合都会碰见 AH：Konrad Engelbert Oelsner to Friedrich August von Stägemann, 28 August 1819, Pääler 2009, p.12.

139 “对任何话题都应对自如”：John Thornton Kirkland, 28 May 1821, Beck 1959, p.69.

139 “沉醉在对科学的热爱中”：Caspar Voght, 16 March 1808, Voght 1959–65, vol.3, p.95.

139 AH 结识艺术家和思想家：Krätz 1999a, pp.116–117; Clark and Lubrich 2012, pp.10–14.

139 “有一层坚冰”：Fräulein von R., October–November 1812, Beck 1959,p.42.

139 AH 声音轻柔：Roderick Murchison, May 1859, ibid., p.3.

139 难以捉摸：Karoline Bauer, My Life on Stage, 1876, Clark and Lubrich 2012,p.199.

139 “瘦削、高雅而灵活”：Ibid.

139 “谈话的闸门”：Carl Vogt, January 1845, Beck 1959, p.208.

139 “耳朵都累坏了”：WH to CH, 30 November 1815, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.5,p.135.

139 “上足了发条的八音盒”：Heinrich Laube, Laube 1875，p.334.

139 “大声地说出自己的思考”：Wilhelm Foerster, Berlin 1855, Beck 1959, p.268.

139 人们担心过早离场：Adolphe Quetelet, 1822, Bruhns 1873, vol.2, p.58.

139 AH 像一颗流星：Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, 1810, Varnhagen 1987, vol.2,p.139.

140 AH 和楔形文字：Karl Gutzkow, Beck 1969, pp.250–251.

140 AH 毫无 偏见：Johann Friedrich Benzenberg, 1815, ibid., p.259.

140 巴黎人和战争：Horne 2004, p.195.

140 巴黎的人口：Marrinan 2009, p.284.

140 “一场结束的开始”：Talleyrand, in Horne 2004, p.202.

141 联军军队在巴黎：Horne 2004, p.202; John Scott, 1814, Scott 1816, p.71.

141 “腰束得紧紧的”：Benjamin Robert Haydon, May 1814, Haydon 1950, p.212.

141 “从牙缝里挤出词来诅咒他们”：Ibid.

141 AH 的第二故乡：AH to Jean Marie Gerando, 2 December 1804, Geier 2010, p.248; AH to Franäois Guizot, October 1840, Pääler 2009, p.25.

141 AH 致信麦迪逊：AH to James Madison, 26 August 1813, Terra 1959, p.798.

141 AH 不像德国人，更像法国人：WH to CH, 9 September 1814, WH CH Letters, vol.4, p.384.

141 “阵发的忧郁”：AH to CH, 24 August 1813, Bruhns 1873, vol.2, p.52.

141 罔顾祖国人民的荣耀：AH to Johann Friedrich Benzenberg, 22 November 1815, Podach 1959, p.206.

142 AH 利用自己的关系保护植物园：Podach 1959, pp.201–202; Winfield Scott to James Monroe, 18 November 1815.门罗将这封信转给了杰斐逊：James Monroe to Jefferson, 22 January 1816, TJ RS Papers, vol.9, p.392.

143 卢浮宫的艺术品被带走：John Scott, 1815, Scott 1816, p.328ff.

143 布莱格登在巴黎：Charles Bladgen Diary, 5 February 1815, Ewing 2007, p.275.

143 戴维在巴黎：Ayrton 1831, pp.9–32.

143 戴维在皇家研究院：Holmes 1998, p.71.

143 “扩充头脑中的比喻储备”：Coleridge in 1802, Holmes 2008, p.288.

143 “孕育发现的创造源泉”：Humphry Davy in 1807, ibid., p.276.

143 “我对世界的看法日益惨淡”：AH to Goethe, 1 January 1810, Goethe Humboldt Letters 1909, p.305.

12 革命与自然

146 阿尔卑斯山让他的思绪返回故乡：O’Leary 1915, p.86; Arana 2013, p.61.

146 “燃烧着解放祖国的火焰”：Bol í var, Manifesto to the Nations of the World, 20 Se p te m b er 1813, Bo l í var 2003, p.121; 玻

144 玻利瓦尔，《钦博拉索峰顶的呓语》，利瓦尔于 1810 年短暂返回欧洲，到伦 1822：Clark and Lubrich 2012, pp.67–敦进行外交活动，试图为革命寻求国 68.际支援。

145 AH, 玻利瓦尔与革命：AH to Bol í var, 147 西班牙力量削弱与革命：Langley 1996, 29 July 1822, Minguet 1986, pp.749–p.166ff.

750; AH to Bo l í va r, 1804, Be c k 1959, 147 墨西哥的暴动：Langley 1996, p.179ff. pp.30–31; AH to Daniel F. O’Leary, 147 牧师斥责“罪人”：Arana 2013, p.109; 1853, Beck 1969, p.266; Vicente see also Lynch 2006, p.59ff. Rocafuerte to AH, 17 December 1824, 147 “即便自然决定与我们作对”：Jos é Rippy and Brann 1947, p.702; Bol í var Domingo D í az, 26 March 1812, Arana and Enlightenment: Lynch 2006, pp.28–2013, p.108.

32.147 加拉加斯的人口：Royal Military 145 《随笔》发表在一份西班牙文的科学 Chronicle, vol.4, June 1812, p.181. 刊物中：Semanario.AH ‘Geograf í a de 148 玻利瓦尔流亡国外：Arana 2013, p.126. la s p lan ta s, o cua d ro f í si co de lo s A n de s 148 “没有人比您更合适回答这些问题”：equinocciales y de los pa í ses vecinos’, Jefferson to AH, 14 April 1811, TJ RS Caldas 1942, vol.2, pp.21–162.Papers, vol.3, p.554.

145 用他的笔唤醒了南美洲：Bol í var to 148 杰斐逊关于南美洲革命的看法：AH, 10 November 1821, Minguet 1986, Jefferson to Pierre-Samuel du Pont de p.749.Nemours, 15 April 1811; Jefferson to

145 “风暴中的海洋”：Bol í var, Message to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 16 April 1811; the Convention of Ocaäa, 29 February Jefferson to Lafayette, 30 November 1813, 1828, Bol í var 2003, p.87.TJ RS Papers, vol.3, pp.560, 566; vol.7,

145 “驾驶孤舟行进在海上”：Bol í var to pp.14–15; Jefferson to Lafayette, 14 May General Juan Jos é Flores, 9 November 1817, DLC.

1830, ibid., p.146.148 “他们的出产和商贸”：Jefferson to Luis 146 “宇宙的中心”：Bol í var, Speech to the de On í s, 28 April 1814, TJ RS Papers, Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, vol.7, p.327. ibid., p.53.148 玻利瓦尔到达卡塔赫纳：Arana 2013, 146 “真心热爱自然”：O’Leary 1879–1888, p.128ff. vol.2, p.146, 玻利瓦尔喜爱乡居生活：148 据传，玻利瓦尔使用了洪堡绘制的精 see also p.71; and Arana 2013, p.292.确地图：Slatta and De Grummond 2003,

146 “使我的灵魂目眩”：Bol í var to Jos é p.22. 洪堡的马格达莱纳河地图被若干 Joa qu í n O l me do, 27 June 1825, Bo l í var 人复制过，包括植物学家何塞·穆蒂斯、2003, p.210.制图学家 Carlos Francisco de Cabrer 以及 Jos é Ignacio Pombo。AH, March 1804, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, p.42ff.

148 “西班牙人的统治延伸到哪里”：Bol í var, Speech to the people of Tenerife,

24 December 1812, Arana 2013, p.132.148 “一个痈疽”：Bol í var to Camilo Torres,

4 March 1813, ibid., p.138.

148 殖民地的内部分歧：Lynch 2006, p.67.148 “蝗虫”咬噬自由之树：Bol í var, The Cartagena Manifesto, 15 December 1812, Bo l í var 2003, p.10.

149 “前进！要么你开枪打死我……”：Bo l í var to F ran ci s co San tan d er, Ma y 1813, Arana 2013, p.139.

149 “马上给我一万支枪”：Bol í var to Francisco Santander, 22 December 1819, Lecuna 1951, vol.1, p.215.

149 起草第一部宪法和为了等待情人而推迟：Arana 2013, pp.184, 222.

149 “动作之诗”：Bol í var, Method to be employed in the education of my nephew Fernando Bol í var, c.1822, Bol í var 2003, p.206.

149 若被冒犯，则暴跳如雷：O’Leary 1969, p.30.

150 玻利瓦尔的印刷机：Arana 2013, p.243.150 思维敏捷，口授信件：O’Leary 1969, p.30.150 “但我能在舞会的欢愉和喧闹当中”：Arana 2013, p.244.

150 进入梅里达：Ibid., p.140ff.

150 “死亡之战”：Bol í var, Decree of War to the Death, 15 June 1813, Bol í var 2003, p.114; Langley 1996, p.187ff.; Lynch 2006, p.73.

150 “你们的解救者已经来了”：Bol í var, Proclamation of General of Army of Liberation, 8 August 1813, Lynch 2006, p.76. 150 “地狱军团”：Arana 2013, p.151.150 博韦斯杀死八万共和国军：Ibid., p.165; see also Lynch 2006, p.82ff.; Langley 1996, p.188ff.

150 “原本有数千人居住的城镇”：Arana 2013, p.165.

151 各种姓之间的仇恨：AH to Jefferson, 20 December 1811, TJ RS Papers, vol.4,p.354.

151 西班牙舰队：Arana 2013, pp.170–171; Langley 1996, p.191.

151 “地球上最美丽的一半”：Bol í var to Lo r d We l le s le y, 27 Ma y 1815, Bo l í var

2003, p.154.

151 “西班牙统治区”：James Madison, Proclamation Number 21, 1 September

1815, ‘Warning Against Unauthorized Military Expedition Against the Dominions of Spain’.

151 在“鸟儿、野兽和鱼群中”建立民主制度：John Adams to James Lloyd, 27 March 1815, Adams 1856, vol.10, p.14.

151 “由牧师统治”的社会：Jefferson to AH, 6 December 1813, TJ RS Papers, vol.7, p.29.

151 “给他们的心灵铐上锁镣”：Jefferson to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 16 April 1811; see also Jefferson to Pierre-Samuel du Pont de Nemours, 15 April 1811, TJ RS Papers vol.3, pp.560, 566; Jefferson to Lafayette,

30 November 1813, ibid., vol.7, p.14.

151 AH 的影响“超过其他任何一位欧洲人”：Winfield Scott to James Monroe, 18 November 1815. Monroe forwarded this letter to Jefferson. James Monroe to Jefferson, 22 January 1816, ibid., vol.9, p.392.

152 “令人羞愧的无知”：Jefferson to AH, 13 June 1817; see also 6 June 1809, Terra 1959, pp.789, 794.

152 《关于新西班牙王国的政治随笔》：首先出版的是法文版（自 1808 年），紧接着的是德文版（自 1809 年）和英文版（自

1811 年）。

152 AH 给杰斐逊寄去新书：Jefferson to AH, 6 March 1809, 14 April 1811, 6 December 1813; AH to Jefferson, 12 June 1809, 23 September 1810, 20 December 1811; William Gray to Jefferson, 18 May 1811, TJ RS Papers, vol.1, pp.24, 266, vol.3, pp.108, 553, 623, vol.4, pp.353–354, vol.7, p.29.

152 “我们关于他们的知识几乎全部拜您所赐”：Jefferson to AH, 6 December 1813, ibid., vol.7, p.30; see also Jefferson to AH, 13 June 1817, Terra 1959, p.794.

152 “实际可行的选择”：Jefferson to Lafayette, 14 May 1817, DLC.

152 “倘若形成一大片国土”：Jefferson to James Monroe, 4 February 1816, TJ RS Papers, vol.9, p.444.

152 玻利瓦尔提到 AH 的著作：Bol í var, Letter from Jamaica, 6 September 1815, Bo l í var 2003, p.12; for Bo l í va r’ s library, see Bol í var 1929, vol.7, p.156.

153 “可能会让读者感到疲劳”：John Black, Preface by the Translator, AH New Spain 1811, vol.1, p.v.

153 “个人独立情感的表达”：AH to Jefferson, 23 September 1810, TJ RS Papers, vol.3,p.108.

153 西班牙人挑起种族仇恨：AH New Spain 1811, vol.1, p.196.

153 应受谴责的狂热：Ibid., p.178.

153 榨取原材料：Ibid., vol.3, p.456.

153 残酷且不正当：Ibid., p.455.

153 “权力的滥用”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.3.

153 “打破可憎的垄断制度的那天”：AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.390.

153 “欧洲人的野蛮行径”：AH, 30 March 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.55.

153 AH 百科全书般博学：Bol í var, Letter fro m Ja mai ca, 6 Se p te m b er 1815, Bo l í var 2003, p.12.

153 “永远无法满足那个贪婪的国家”：Ibid.,p.20.

154 “这片土地正在变成荒漠”：Bol í var to Lord Wellesley, 27 May 1815, Bol í var 2003, p.154.

154 AH 和极好的收成：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, p.79.

154 天然资源如此丰富：Bol í var, Letter from Jamaica, 6 September 1815, Bol í var 2003, p.20.

154 AH 和封建制度的罪恶：AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.101.

154 “一种封建的所有制”：Bol í var, Letter from Jamaica, 6 September 1815, Bol í var 2003, p.20.

154 锁链已经被击碎：Ibid., p.13.

154 关于佩蒂翁、玻利瓦尔和奴隶制：Langley 1996, pp.194–197.

154 “奴隶制是黑暗的女儿”：Bol í var, Speech to the Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, Bol í var 2003, p.34.

154 Bol í var 宣布解放奴隶：Bol í var, Decree for the Emancipation of the Slaves, 2 June 1816, Bol í var 2003, p.177.

154 如同一层黑纱：Bol í var, Speech to the Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, Bol í var 2003, p.51.

154 玻利瓦尔、他庄园的奴隶以及宪法：Langley 1996, p.195; Lynch 2006, pp.151–153.

155 AH 对玻利瓦尔废奴的关注：AH to Bol í var, 28 November 1825, Minguet 1986, p.751. AH re f er re d to Bo l í var in AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.6, p.839; AH Cuba 2011, p.147.

155 何塞·安托尼奥·帕埃斯：Langley 1996, pp.196–200; Arana 2013, p.194ff.

155 “铁骑”和玻利瓦尔的力气：Arana

2013, pp.208–210.

155 玻利瓦尔的相貌：Ibid., pp.3, 227.155 安戈斯图拉的国会：Lynch 2006, p.119ff.156 团结各种族与各殖民地：Bol í var, Speech to the Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, Bol í var 2003, pp.38–

39, 53.156 “壮美而充满活力”：Ibid., p.53.156 如此丰富的自然资源：Ibid.

156 “革命飓风中的一介玩偶”：Ibid., p.31.

156 玻利瓦尔横跨大陆：Arana 2013, pp.230–232; Lynch 2006, pp.127–129.

156 拿破仑战争中的老兵：Arana 2013, p.220; Lynch 2006, pp.122–124.

156 军队跨越安第斯山：Arana 2013, pp.230–232; Lynch 2006, pp.127–128.157 博亚卡战役：Arana 2013, pp.233–

235; Lynch 2006, pp.129–130.157 “如闪电般”：Arana 2013, p.235.157 玻利瓦尔进军基多：Arana 2013, pp.284–288; Lynch 2006, pp.170–171.157 “自然如此丰厚的馈赠”：O’Leary

1879–1888, vol.2, p.146.157 玻利瓦尔的抒情诗：Clark and Lubrich

2012, p.67-68； 这首诗最早流传的版本记载创作于 1822 年 10 月 13 日，但到了 1833 年才首次出版：Lynch 2006, p.320, note 14.157 “我用双手抓住永恒”：Bol í var, ‘My Delirium on Chimborazo’, Clark and Lubrich 2012, p.68.158 哥伦比亚用洪亮的声音：Ibid.158 新世界的威仪：Bol í var, Speech to the Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, Bol í var 2003, p.53.

158 “来钦博拉索峰”：Bol í var to Sim ó n Rodr í guez, 19 January 1824, Arana 2013, p.293.158 “自然界的王座”：Ibid.

158 玻利瓦尔的声望达到了顶峰：Arana

2013, p.288.

158 “一个巨人”：Bol í var to General Bernardo O’Higgins, 8 January 1822, Lecuna 1951, vol.1, p.289.

158 “连根拔起”：Bol í var to AH, 10 November 1821, Minguet 1986, p.749.

158 “新世界的发现者”：Bol í var to Madame Bonpland, 23 October 1823, Rippy and Brann 1947, p.701.

159 “一座伟大的火山躺在我们脚下”：Bol í var to Jos é Antonio Pá ez, 8 August 1826, Pratt 1992, p.141.

159 “一棵珍贵的植物”：Bol í var to Pedro Olaäeta, 21 May 1824.

159 “正踉跄地行走在深渊的边缘”：Bo l í va r, A G lan ce a t S pani sh A m eri ca, 1829, Bol í var 2003, p.101.

159 “在无政府的汪洋大海里溺亡”：Bo l í va r, Mani fe s to in Bo go t á, 20 January 1830, ibid., p.144.

159 “即将爆发的火山边缘”：Bol í var to P. Gual, 24 May 1821, Arana 2013, p.268.

159 “密布火山的地带”：Bol í var to General Juan Jo s é F lo re s, 9 Nove m b er 1830, Bo l í var 2003, p.147.

159 玻利瓦尔是纯粹的梦想家：AH to Daniel F. O’Leary, 1853, Beck 1969, p.266.

159 “为您美丽的祖国”：AH to Bol í var, 29 July 1822, Minguet 1986, p.750.

159 “我要重申自己”：Ibid.

159 “美洲退化论”：Jefferson 1982; Cohen 1995, pp.72–79; Thomson 2008, pp.54–72; 持此观点的法国科学家有 Comte de Buffon, Abb é Raynal and Corn é lius de Pauw。

159 矮小而脆弱：Buffon, in Martin 1952, p.157.

159 野蛮人都“孱弱无力”：Buffon, in Thomson 2012, p.12.

160 “即便是黄鼠狼的个头”，以及一系列测量：Jefferson 1982, pp.50–52, 53.

160 “几乎可以从我们的驼鹿肚皮下面走过去”：TJ in conversation with Daniel Webster, December 1824, Webster 1903, vol. 1, p.371.

160 杰斐逊的驼鹿：Thomson 2012, pp.10–

11.

160 “关于美国本土最大最重的动物的细节”：Jefferson to Thomas Walker, 25 September 1783, TJ Papers, vol.6, p.340; see also Wulf 2011, pp.67–70.

160 乳齿象骨架送到巴黎科学院：TJ to Bernard Germain de Lac é p è de, 14 July 1808, DLC.

160 “两边的宾客同时起身”（脚注）：TJ to Robert Walsh, 4 December 1818, with Anecdotes about Benjamin Franklin, DLC.

160 “布丰的观点是完全错误的”：AH Personal Narrative 1814–1829, vol.3, pp.70–71; and AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.2, p.64; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.2, p.66.

161 卡里布部族如同青铜塑就的朱庇特雕像：AH to WH, 21 September 1801, AH WH Letters 1880, p.30; see also AH, 1800, Notes on Caribs, AH Diary 2000, p.341.

161 手稿和语言：AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, pp.50–53.

161 “迎合了欧洲人的虚荣心”：AH New Spain 1811, vo l.3, p.48; for Bo l í va r’ s copy of AH New Spain 1811, see Bol í var 1929, vol.7, p.156.

161 “洪堡先生的观察”：Morning Chronicle, 4 September 1818 and 14 November 1817.

161 “对美洲所做的贡献比所有征服者的还要巨大”：Bol í var to Gaspar Rodr í guez de Francia, 22 October 1823, Rippy and Brann 1947, p.701.

161 “你将从中发现指导自己行动的重要启示”：Bol í var, Message to Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia, 20 Janua r y 1830, Bo l í var 2003, p.103.

13 伦敦

162 “漠然旁观”：AH to Heinrich Berghaus, 24 November 1828, AH Berghaus Letters 1863, vol.1, p.208.

162 AH 以及更多的考察计划：AH to Acad é mie des Sciences, 21 June 1803 and AH to Karsten, 1 February 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, pp.327, 350; AH to Johann Friedrich von Cotta, 24 January 1805, AH Cotta Letters 2009, p.63.

162 “幽林和田野我很快就看厌”：Goethe, Faust I, Outside the Town Wall, Act 1, Scene 5, line 1102ff（trans. Luke 2008, p.35; 中译文选自梁宗岱译《浮士德》，2016 年华东师范大学出版社，第 73 页）.

163 “欧洲人残酷暴行”：AH New Spain 1811, vol.1, p.98.

163 “不公平的斗争”：Ibid., pp.104, 123.

163 AH 1814 年在伦敦：WH to CH, 5 June 1814; 14 June 1814; 18 June 1814, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.4, pp.345, 351ff., 354–355; AH to Helen Maria Williams, 22 June 1814, Koninklijk Huisarchief, The Hague（copy at Alexander-von-HumboldtForschungstelle, Berlin）.

164 AH 1817 年在伦敦：WH to CH, 22 October 1817, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.6, p.22.

164 WH 不喜欢伦敦：WH to CH, 14 June 1814 and 18 October 1817, ibid., vol.4, p.350; vol.6, p.20.

164 “在日照如此稀缺的条件下”建成伟大的国家：Richard Rush, 31 December 1817, Rush 1833, p.55.

164 WH 对 AH 的交友感到不悦：WH to CH, 1 November 1817, WH CH Letters 1910–

1916, vol.6, p.30.

164 WH 和 AH 从没有单独相处的机会：WH to CH, 3 December 1817, ibid., p.64.

164 滔滔不绝的演讲：WH to CH, 30 November 1815, ibid., vol.5, p.135.

164 WH 不试图打断 AH：WH to CH, 12 November 1817, ibid., vol.6, p.46.

165 埃尔金大理石引起的轰动：HughesHallet 2001, p.136.

165 “从来没有人这样狂肆地掠夺过”：WH to CH, 11 June 1814, WH CH Letters 1910–1916, vol.4, p.348.

165 繁荣的商业气息：Richard Rush, 7 January 1818, Rush 1833, p.81; Carl Philip Moritz, June 1782, Moritz 1965,p.33.

165 “以惊人的速度与数量在这里积聚起来”：Richard Rush, 7 January 1818, Rush 1833, p.77.

165 AH 致 Banks, 天文台, 赫舍尔：AH to Robert Brown, November 1817, BL; AH to Karl Sigismund Kunth, 11 November 1817, Universitätsbibliothek Gieäen; AH to Madame Arago, November 1817, Biblioth è que de l’Institut de France, MS 2115, f.213–214（copies at Alexandervon-Humboldt-Forschungstelle, Berlin）.

165 “世界奇观之一”：Holmes 2008, p.190.

166 “萌芽”：William Herschel’sCatalogue of a Second Thousand Nebulae（1789）, Holmes 2008, p.192.

166 “伟大的宇宙花园”：AH Cosmos 1845–1852, vol.2, p.74; AH Kosmos 1845–1850, vol.2, p.87.

166 AH 与皇家学会：AH 于 1815 年 4 月 6 日得到皇家学会外国会员的称号; see also RS Journal Book, vol.xli, 1811–1815, p.520; AH 晚年时，拥有 18 个英国科学社团的成员身份。

166 “通过实验来增进对自然的认识”：Jardine 1999, p.83.

166 “所有学者都是兄弟”：AH to Madame Ara go, Nove m b er 1817, Bi b lio t h è que de l’Institut de France, MS 2115, f.213–214 （副本存于柏林的 Alexander-vonHumboldt-Forschungstelle）。

167 “迄今为止最精美、最宏大”：AH to Karl Sigismund Kunth, 11 November 1817, Universitätsbibliothek Gieäen（副本存于柏林的 Alexander-von-HumboldtForschungstelle）.

167 AH 在皇家学会用晚餐：6 November 1817, List of Attendees, RS Dining Club, vol.20（no page numbers）.

167 “我在皇家学会吃饭的时候”：AH to Achilles Valenciennes, 4 May 1827, Th é o do ri d è s 1966, p.46.

167 出席晚餐的学者人数上升：6 November 1817, List of Attendees, RS Dining Club, vol.20, no page numbers.

167 阿拉戈回去睡觉：AH to Madame Arago, November 1817, Biblioth è que de l’Institut de France, MS 2115, f.213–214(副本存于柏林的 Alexander-vonHumboldt-Forschungstelle）.

167 “这实在太可恨了”：Bruhns 1873, vol.2,p.198.

167 “所有位尊权重的人士”：AH to Karl Sigismund Kunth, 11 November 1817, Universitätsbibliothek Gieäen（副本存于柏林的 Alexander-von-HumboldtForschungstelle）.

167 “登不上台面的嫉妒”：Edinburgh Review, vol.103, January 1856, p.57.

168 “我几乎可以一字一句地把这本书背出来”：Darwin to D.T. Gardner, August 1874, published inNew York Times, 15 September 1874.

168 “画家描绘风景的手法”：AH to Helen Maria Williams, 1810, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.11.

168 好像在与他一起经历危险：Edinburgh Review, vol.25, June 1815, p.87

168 “想享受一切事物”：Quarterly Review, vol.15, July 1816, p.442; see also vol.14, January 1816, p.368ff.

168 “温暖的感受力与强大的想象力”：Quarterly Review, vol.18, October 1817,p.136.

168 想要逃亡到“南美洲的广袤荒野中”：Shelley 1998, p.146. 弗兰肯斯坦还谙熟洪堡在书中讨论到的其他想法，例如“动物电”现象，以及布卢门巴赫的形成力和生命力理论。

168 洪堡，空前的旅行家：Lord Byron, Don Juan, Canto IV, cxii. 中译摘自查良铮译《唐璜》，人民文学出版社 2007 年版。

169 骚塞拜访 AH：Robert Southey to Edith Southey, 17 May 1817, Southey 1965, vol.2, p.149.

169 “画家的眼睛和诗人的感受”：Robert Southey to Walter Savage Landor, 19 December 1821, ibid., p.230.

169 旅行家中的华兹华斯：Robert Southey to Walter Savage Landor, 19 December 1821, ibid., p.230.