序言

1. J.R. De Laeter, I.R. Fletcher, K.J.R. Rosman, et al.,"Early Archaean gneisses from the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia," Nature 292 (1981), pp. 322-324.

2. D. R. Mole, M. L. Fiorentini, N. Thébaud, et al., "Archean komatiite volcanism controlled by the evolution of early continents," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (June 2014).

3. K.C. Benison, D.A. LaClair, "Modern and ancient extremely acid saline deposits: terrestrial analogs for Martian environments?" Astrobiology 3, no. 3 (2003), pp. 609-618.

4. B.B. Bowen, K.C. Benison, "Geochemical characteristics of naturally acid and alkaline saline lakes in southern Western Australia," Applied Geochemistry 24 (2009), pp. 268-284.

5. S.S. Johnson, M.G. Chevrette, B.L. Ehlmann, K.C. Benison, "Insights from the Metagenome of an Acid Salt Lake: The Role of Biology in an Extreme Depositional Environment," PLOS One 10 (April 2015).

6. Hans Zappe, Fundamentals of Micro-Optics, 1st ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 298.

7. Louise Leonard, Percival Lowell, An Afterglow (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1921).

8. R. Orosei, S. E. Lauro, E. Pettinelli, et al."Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars," Science 3 (Aug. 2018), pp. 490-493.

9. D. Breuer and T. Spohn, "Early plate tectonics versus single‐plate tectonics on Mars: Evidence from magnetic field history and crust evolution," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 108, no. E7 (2003) .

10. An Yin, "Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars," Lithosphere 4, no. 4 (2012), pp. 286-330.

11. David J. Stevenson, "Mars' core and magnetism," Nature 412, no. 6843 (2001), p. 214.

12. Sean C. Solomon, Oded Aharonson, Jonathan M. Aurnou, W. Bruce Banerdt, Michael H. Carr, Andrew J. Dombard, Herbert V. Frey et al. ,"New perspectives on ancient Mars," Science 307, no. 5713 (2005), pp. 1,214-1,220.

13. J. E. P. Connerney, J. Espley, P. Lawton, S. Murphy, J. Odom, R. Oliversen, and D. Sheppard. ,"The MAVEN magnetic field investigation," Space Science Reviews 195, no. 1-4 (2015), pp. 257-291.

14. R. D. Wordsworth, "The climate of early Mars," Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44 (2016): 381-408; R. M. Haberle, "Early Mars Climate Models," Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (Nov. 1998), pp. 28467-28479.

15. R. M. Ramirez, et al., "Warming early Mars with CO2 and H2," Nature Geoscience 7 (2014), pp. 59-63.

16. R. A. Craddock, A. D. Howard, "The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars," Journal of Geophysical Research Planets 107 (Nov. 2002), pp. 21-36.

17. S. W. Squyres, J. F. Kasting, "Early Mars: How Warm and How Wet?" Science 265 (Aug. 1994); R. D. Wordsworth, et al., "Comparison of 'warm and wet' and 'cold and icy' scenarios for early Mars in a 3-D climate model," Journal of Geophysical Research Planets 120 (June 2015), pp. 1201-1219.

18. M. C. Palucis, et al., "Sequence and relative timing of large lakes in Gale crater (Mars) after the formation of Mount Sharp," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 121, no. 3 (2016), pp. 472-496.

19. Armen Y. Mulkidjanian, et al.,"Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (2012), pp. E821-E883.

20. D. Deamer, B. Damer, "Can Life Begin on Enceladus? A Perspective from Hydrothermal Chemistry," Astrobiology (Sept. 2017), pp. 834-839.

21. D. Deamer, 2011. First Life: Discovering the Connections between Stars, Cells, and How Life Began (Berkeley, 2011).

22. M. H. Carr, J. W. Head III, "Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate," Journal of Geophysical Research Planets 108 (2003); R. I. Citron, M. Manga, D. J. Hemingway, "Timing of oceans on Mars from shoreline deformation," Nature 555 (2018), pp. 643-646.

23. G. Di Achille, B. M. Hynek, "Ancient ocean on Mars supported by global distribution of deltas and valleys," Nature Geoscience 3 (2010), pp. 459-463.

24. M. C. Malin, K.S. Edgett, "Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands: High resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines," Geophysical Research Letters 26 (1999), pp. 3049-3052.

25. J. W. Head III, et al.,"Oceans in the past history of Mars: Tests for their presence using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data," Geophysical Research Letters (Jan. 1998), pp. 4403.

26. J. W. Head III, et al., "Possible Ancient Oceans on Mars: Evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter Data," Science 286 (1999), pp. 2134-2137.

27. J.-P. Bibring, et al., "Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA/Mars Express Data," Science 312 (April 2006), pp. 400-404.

28. K.S. Edgett, H.E. Newsom, "Dust Deposited From Eolian Suspension on Natural and Spaceflight Hardware Surfaces in Gale Crater and Observed Using Curiosity's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)," presented at Dust in the Atmosphere of Mars and Its Impact on Human Exploration, Houston, Texas (June 2017).

1. Walter Sullivan, "Mankind, Through Mariner, Reaching For Mars Today," The Courier-Journal (Louisville), 14 July 1965.

2. Ray Duncan, "Army of Newsmen To Jam Pasadena For Mars Probe," Independent (Pasadena), 12 July 1965.

3. J.N. James, "The Voyage of Mariner IV," Scientific American 214 no. 3 (March 1966), pp. 42-53.

4. Dave Swaim, "Mars Spaceship Has Company," Independent (Pasadena), 13 July 1965.

5. "'Dead' Soviet Mars Missile Still on Way," Pasadena Star-News, 14 July 1965.

6. Edward Clinton Ezell, Linda Neuman Ezell, On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958-1978 (Washington: The NASA History Series, 1984), p. 434.

7. To Mars: The Odyssey of Mariner 4, JPL Technical Memorandum, No 33-229, 25.

8. Douglas J. Mudgway, Roger Launius. Uplink-Downlink: A History of the Deep Space Network, 1957-1997. (Washington: The NASA History Series, 2001).

9. The Changing Face of Mars: Beginnings of the Space Age, directed by Blaine Baggett (Pasadena, C.A.: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2013), DVD Video.

10. Andrew J. LePage, "The beginnings of planetary exploration," The Space Review, 11 October 2010.

11. Malaya Kumar Biswal, Ramesh Naidu, "Mars Missions Failure Report Assortment: Review and Conspectus," unpublished (March 2019).

12. Taubman, William, "Did he bang it? Nikita Khrushchev and the shoe," New York Times 26 (2003): 07; C. Eugene Emery Jr, "The curious case of the Khrushchev shoe," Politifact (2015) .

13. Arthur I. Cyr, "PolitiFact bizarrely, unjustly attacks me on Krushchev shoe banging," Providence Journal (2015).

14."Korolev- How one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon," (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997).

15. Franklin O'Donnell, The Venus Mission: How Mariner 2 led the world to the planets.

16. Norman Haynes, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Pasadena, CA (1 Feb. 2018).

17. Helen T. Wells, Susan H. Whiteley, Carrie E. Karegeannes, "Origins of NASA Names," (Washington: The NASA History Series, 1976).

18. The Changing Face of Mars: Beginnings of the Space Age, directed by Blaine Baggett (Pasadena, C.A.: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2013), DVD Video.

19. "Mariner 4 Probe Due in Two Weeks," Pasadena Star-News, 6 Nov. 1964.

20. John C. Waugh, "Mars Probe Falls Silent," The Christian Science Monitor (Boston), Nov. 1964.

21. Norman Haynes, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Pasadena, CA (1 Feb. 2018).

22. Jack N. James, In High Regard (Jack James Trust, 2006), p. 450.

23. "Mars Flight - on Up & Up," Pasadena Star-News, 28 Nov. 1964.

24. "Mariner Mars 1964 Project Report: Spacecraft Performance and Analysis," Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report No. 32-882 (Pasadena, C.A.: NASA, 1967), p. 17.

25. To Mars: The Odyssey of Mariner 4, JPL Technical Memorandum, No 33-229, pp. 21-22.

26. W.C. Goss, "The Mariner Spacecraft Star Sensors," Applied Optics. 9 (5), 1970, pp. 1056-1067.

27."Mariner 4 Taught Us to See," Jet Propulsion Laboratory Blog, 20 August 2013.

28."Interview with Robert Leighton," California Institute of Technology Oral History Project (1986-1987) Caltech Archives (1995).

29. Heidi Aspaturian, "Interview with Robert Leighton," California Institute of Technology Oral History Project (1986-1987) Caltech Archives (1995), p. 64.

30. Bruce Murray, interviewed by Rachel Prud'homme, cassette audio recording transcript (California Institute of Technology), Pasadena, Calif. (1993), p. 76.

31. Graham Berry, "Interview with Bob Sharp," Caltech Archives, (2001), p. 43.

32. "Press Kit, Mariner Mars Encounter," NASA, 9 July 1965.

33. Fred C. Billingsley, "Processing Ranger and Mariner Photography," Optical Engineering 4(4), 404147 (1 May 1966) .

34. "First Digital Image From Space (Mariner 4-Mars)," NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech, September 28, 2018.

35. Bruce Murray, interviewed by Rachel Prud'homme, cassette audio recording transcript (California Institute of Technology), Pasadena, Calif. (1993), p. 79.

36. Enn Kasak, Raul Veede, "Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia," Folklore 16 (2001).

37. Plato, "Book X," in The Republic, trans. Benjamin Jowett (Cambridge: Internet Classics Archive (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), (2008) .

38. Robert Sherrick Brumbaugh, Plato for the Modern Age. (Lanham, M.D.: University Press of America; 1991).

39. Giorgio Strano, ed., Galileo's Telescope: the instrument that changed the world. Florence, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (2008).

40. David Wootton, Galileo: Watcher of the skies, Yale University Press (2010), p. 96.

41. The New Mars: The Discoveries of Mariner 9 (Washington: NASA Office of Space Science, 1974), p. 1.

42. Galileo Galilei, "Third Letter on Sunspots, from Galileo Galilei to Mark Welser, In which Venus, the Moon, and the Medicean Planets are also dealt with, and new appearances of Saturn are revealed," in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, ed. Stillman Drake (New York: Anchor Books, 1957), p. 137.

43. William Sheehan, The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999), p. 21.

44. Christiaan Huygens, "Cosmothereos," quoted in William Miller, The Heavenly Bodies: Their Nature and Habitability (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1883), p. 101.

45. Christianus Huygens, Cosmotheoros, or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds, and Their Inhabitants (Glasgow: Rob. & and Foulis, 1757), p. 116.

46. Isaac Newton, Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections, and Colours of Light (London: William and John Innys at the West End of St. Paul's, 1721), p. 91.

47. William Sheehan, The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999).

48. William Herschel, quoted in The New Mars: The Discoveries of Mariner 9 (Washington: NASA Office of Space Science, 1974), p. 2.

49. William Herschel, quoted in Chris Impey and Holly Henry, Dreams of Other Worlds: The Amazing Story of Unmanned Space Exploration, rev. ed. (Princeton University Press, 2016), p. 15.

50. Bruce Murray, interviewed by Rachel Prud'homme, cassette audio recording transcript (California Institute of Technology), Pasadena, Calif. (1993), p. 162.

51. The Changing Face of Mars: Beginnings of the Space Age, directed by Blaine Baggett (Pasadena, C.A.: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2013), DVD Video.

52. Heidi Aspaturian, "Interview with Robert Leighton," California Institute of Technology Oral History Project (1986-1987) Caltech Archives (1995), p. 103.

53. To Mars: The Odyssey of Mariner 4, JPL Technical Memorandum, No 33-229, p. 30.

54. Dan Goods, "First TV Image of Mars," DirectedPlay.com.

55. Brandon A. Evans, "What was in the news on July 23, 1965?" The Criterion Online Edition, 24 July 2015; Latin translation courtesy of Charlayne Allan.

56. AP, UPI, and L.A. Times-Washington Post Dispatches, "Mariner 4 Shot Shows Mars Hills," The Courier-Journal (Louisville), 16 July 1965.

57. John Casani, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Pasadena, CA (6 Aug. 2015).

58. Jack N. James, In High Regard (Jack James Trust, 2006), 456000.

59. Norman Haynes, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Pasadena, CA (1 Feb. 2018).

60. Lyndon B. Johnson, "The President's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1965," ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, University of California Santa Barbara.

61. Lyndon B. Johnson, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965 (Best Books, 1965), pp. 805-806.

62. Robert B. Leighton, "Mariner 4 Press Conference," eFootage.com, 29 July 1965.

63. "Mariner 4," NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, NSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1964-077A.

64. Oliver Morton, Mapping Mars: S cience, Imagination, and the Birth of a World (New York: Picador, 2002), p. 73.

65. "A Dead Planet," The New York Times, 30 July 1965.

二、变化之光

1. NASA/JPL Caltech, "Mariner 4's First Picture Clearly Showing Craters on Mars," NASA/JPL Caltech, 1965.

2. Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, "Mars: MEC-1 Prototype," Library of Congress, 1965.

3. Gregory A. Davis, "2007 Penrose Medal Presented to B. Clark Burchfiel, Citation by Gregory A. Davis," The Geological Society of America, 2009.

4. Beryl Markham, West with the Night: A Memoir (New York: North Point Press, 2013), p. 198.

5. Diane Ackerman, "A High Life and a Wild One," The New York Times, 23 Aug. 1987.

6. Michael Ondaatje, The English Patient (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), p. 16.

7. Naama Lang-Yona, et al.,"Insights into microbial involvement in desert varnish formation retrieved from metagenomic analysis," Environmental Microbiology Reports 10 No. 3 (June 2018), pp. 264-271.

8. Phil Beradelli, "Solving the Mystery of Desert Varnish," Science, 7 July 2006.

9. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Wind, Sand and Stars (Boston: Harcourt, 2002), p. 111.

10. "Mapping Mars, now and in history", The Planetary Society, 26 Feb. 2009.

11. The astronomer was Asaph Hall. George William Hill, Biographical Memoir of Asaph Hall, 1829-1907 (Washington: The National Academy of Sciences, 1908), pp. 262-263.

12. Agnese Mandrino, et al., "Ed ecco Marte!" Di Pane e Di Stelle, 5 April 2010.

13. G.V. Schiaparelli, "First observations of Mars: Thursday, August 23, 1877," Notebook Entry, Historical Archive of the Astronomical Observatory of Brera, Box 403: 1 and Box 407: 1.

14. R. A. Proctor, "Proctor's Mars Maps (1865-1892)," Planetary Maps, 29 Jan. 2016.

15. David A. Weintraub, Life on Mars: What to Know Before We Go (Princeton University Press, 2018), pp. 91,93.

16. Camille Flammarion, Camille Flammarion's The Planet Mars, trans. Patrick Moore (New York: Springer, 2014), pp. 357, 373-382, 505-509.

17. George Basalla, Civilized Life in the Universe: Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 56-62.

18. Jonathan Pearson, "Erie Canal Timeline," Union College, 2003.

19. Charles Gordon Smith and William B. Fisher, "Suez Canal," Encyclopedia Britannica, updated 13 Feb. 2019.

20. Enrique Chaves, et al., "French Panama Canal Failure (1881-1889)," in The Panama Canal: A Triumph of American Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 13 March 2019.

21. Louise Leonard, Percival Lowell, An Afterglow (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1921).

22. William Sheehan, The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996), p. 104.

23. E.P. Martz, Jr., "Professor William Henry Pickering, 1858-1938, An Appreciation," Popular Astronomy 46 no. 456 (June-July 1938), p. 299.

24. Leon Campbell, "William Henry Pickering, 1858-1938," Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 50 no. 294 (1938), pp. 122-125.

25. William H. Pickering, "Visual Observations of the Surface of Mars," Sidereal Messenger 9 (1890), pp. 369-370.

26. Jordan D. Marché II, "Pickering, William Henry," in T. Hockley, et al. (eds.), The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (New York: Springer, 2007).

27. Percival Lowell, "Our Solar System," Popular Astronomy 24 (1916), p. 419.

28. Kevin S. Schindler, "100 Years of Good Seeing: the History of the 24-inch Clark Telescope," Lowell Observatory, July 1996 (revised September 1998), p. 1.

29. Eric Betz, "Clark Telescope going dark," Arizona Daily Sun, 27 Dec. 2013.

30. Percival Lowell, Mars and Its Canals (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1906).

31. Percival Lowell, Mars (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1895), p. 128.

32. Robert Markley, Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005), p. 66.

33. Percival Lowell, "Mars (Part IV)," The Atlantic, Aug. 1895.

34. Percival Lowell, Mars as the Abode of Life (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1908), p. 135.

35. William H. Pickering, Mars (Boston: R.G. Badger, 1921), p. 132.

36. William Sheehan, The Immortal Fire Within: The Life and Work of Edward Emerson Barnard (Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Press,1995), p. 246.

37. William Sheehan, The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999).

38. J. E. Evans, E. W. Maunder, "Experiments as to the actuality of the 'Canals' observed on Mars," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 63 (1903), pp. 488-499.

39. K. Maria D. Lane, "Mapping the Mars canal mania: Cartographic projection and the creation of a popular icon, " Imago Mundi 58: 2 (2006), pp. 198-211.

40. Percival Lowell, "New photographs of Mars: taken by the astronomical expedition to the Andes and now first published," Century Magazine 75 (1907), pp. 303-311.

41. E.C. Slipher, "Photographing Mars," Century Magazine 75 (1907), p. 312.

42. Alfred Russel Wallace, Is Mars Habitable? A Critical Examination of Professor Percival Lowell's Book "Mars and Its Canals," with An Alternate Explanation (London: MacMillan and Co., Ltd., 1907), pp. 55-77.

43. E. M. Antoniadi, "On the possibility of explaining on a geomorphic basis the phenomena presented by the planet Mars," Journal of the British Astronomical Association 20:2 (1909), p. 93.

44. Chapter 14, "A Stately Pleasure Dome," in William Sheehan, Planets and Perception: Telescopic Views and Interpretations, 1609-1909. University of Arizona Press (1988).

45. Albert Einstein, "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper," Annalen der Physik 322 no. 10 (1905), 891-921.

46. Peter M. Millman, This Universe of Space (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1961), pp. 26, 28.

47. Stewart A. Collins, The Mariner 6 and 7 Pictures of Mars (Pasadena, Calif.: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1971).

48."Press Kit, Mariner Mars '69," NASA, 14 Feb. 1969.

49. Kay Grinter, "One small step on the Moon, one giant footprint on Mars," Spaceport News, 4 Oct. 2002.

50. DNews, "The Brave Story of Mars' McClure-Beverlin Escarpment," Seeker, 3 March 2014; James H. Wilson, "Two over Mars-Mariner 6 and Mariner 7, February-August 1969," (1970), 13.

51. John Casani, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Pasadena, CA (6 Aug. 2015).

52. The New Mars: The Discoveries of Mariner 9 (Washington: NASA Office of Space Science, 1974), p. 63.

53."Press Kit, Project: Mariner 9," NASA, 22 Oct. 1971.

54. Norman Haynes, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Pasadena, CA, 6 Aug. 2016.

55. John Noble Wilford, "Mariner 8's Rocket Fails After Lift-off, Dooming Mars Trip," The New York Times, 9 May 1971.

56. "Kosmos 419," NASA Science Solar System Exploration, 26 Jan. 2018.

57. "Mariner I Assigned New Mission," NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 26 May 1971.

三、红色烟雾

1. Charles F. Capen, Leonard J. Martin, "The Developing Stages of the Martian Yellow Storm of 1971," Lowell Observatory Bulletin no. 157, 30 Nov. 1971, pp. 211, 214.

2. Norman Haynes, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Pasadena, CA, 6 Aug. 2016.

3. V.G. Perminov, The Difficult Road to Mars: A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union (Washington: Monographs in Aerospace History no. 15, 1999), 59. Something here about why Soviets "didn't have the same luxury?"

4. Amy Shira Teitel, "The Soviet Rovers That Died on Mars," Discover, 20 July 2017.

5. Caleb A. Scharf, "The Great Martian Storm of '71," Scientific American, 21 Oct. 2013.

6. Carlton C. Allen, et al., "JSC-Mars-1: Martian Regolith Simulant," Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII (1997).

7. M.T. Lemmon, et al., "Atmospheric imaging results from the Mars exploration rovers: Spirit and Opportunity," Science 306 no. 5,702 (2004), p. 1753.

8.Gerard P. Kuiper, "Visual Observations of Mars, 1956," The Astrophysical Journal 125 (1957), p. 307.

9. William M. Sinton, "Spectroscopic Evidence for Vegetation on Mars, "Astrophysical Journal 126: 231 (1957) .

10. William M. Sinton, "Further Evidence of Vegetation on Mars," Science 130, no. 3384 (1959): 1234-237 and Steven J. Dick, Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 51

11. The French colleague was Jean-Henri Focas,"Observations of Mars Made in 1961 at The Pic Du Midi Observatory," NASA Technical Report JPL-TR-32-151 (1962).

12. William K. Hartmann, Odell Raper, The New Mars: The Discoveries of Mariner 9 (Washington: NASA Office of Space Science, 1974), p. 17.

13. "Press Kit: Project: Mariner Mars 1971," NASA, 30 April 1971.

14. William Sheehan, Mars: The Lure of the Red Planet, (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001), p. 354.

15. Caleb A. Scharf, "Mars and the Wave of Darkening," Scientific American, 9 Aug. 2018.

16. William H. Pickering, Guide to the Mt. Washington Range (A. Williams, 1882).

17. Paul White, Thomas Huxley: Making the "Man of Science," Cambridge University Press (2003).

18. William H. Pickering, Mars (Boston: R.G. Badger, 1921).

19. David Bressan, "The Earth-like Mars," Scientific American, 14 Aug. 2012.

20. William H. Pickering, "Report on Mars, No. 37: What I Believe About Mars," Popular Astronomy 34 (1926), pp. 482-491.

21. Howard Plotkin, "William H. Pickering in Jamaica: The Founding of Woodlawn and Studies of Mars," Journal for the History of Astronomy xxiv (1993), pp. 109111.

22. Philip M. Sadler, "William Pickering's Search for a Planet Beyond Neptune," Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 no. 1 (Feb. 1990), pp. 59-60.

23. William H. Pickering, "Island universes and the origin of the Solar System, " The Observatory 47 (1924), 56.

24. E.P. Martz, Jr., "Pilgrimage to a Tropical Observatory," Popular Astronomy 45 (1937), pp. 419-428.

25. William H. Pickering, "Monthly Report on Mars. - No. 1," Popular Astronomy 22 (1914), p. 1.

26. E.P. Martz, Jr., "Professor William Henry Pickering, 1858-1938, An Appreciation," Popular Astronomy 46 no. 456 (June-July 1938), p. 301.

29. William Henry Pickering, "Instrument readings, notes, and landscape sketches, 1891-1892," Papers of William Henry Pickering, 1870-1907. Harvard University Archives, HUG 1691, HUG 1691.65.

27. William H. Pickering, Mars (Boston: R.G. Badger, 1921), p. 28.

28. William H. Pickering, quoted in Philip M. Sadler, "William Pickering's Search for a Planet Beyond Neptune," Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 no. 1 (Feb. 1990), p. 60.

29. Steven J. Dick, Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate (Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 45-47.

30. W.W. Coblentz, "Thermocouple Measurements of Stellar and Planetary Radiation," Popular Astronomy 31 (1923), pp. 105-121.

31. William Henry Pickering, Guide to the Mt. Washington Range (A. Williams, 1882), p. 11.

32. William H. Pickering, "Monthly Report on Mars. - No. 37: What I Believe About Mars," Popular Astronomy 34 (1926), p. 484.

33. "Mariner 9," NASA Science: Solar System Exploration, 31 July 2019.

34. Norman Haynes, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview. (6 Aug. 2016).

35. Bruce Murray, interviewed by Rachel Prud'homme, cassette audio recording transcript (California Institute of Technology), Pasadena, Calif. (1993), p. 82.

36. William Sheehan, The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999), p. 156.

37. William K. Hartmann and Odell Raper, The New Mars: The Discoveries of Mariner 9 (Washington: NASA Office of Space Science, 1974), p. 94,97.

1. Bill Carter, " 'Civil War' Sets Audience Record for PBS," The New York Times, 25 Sept. 1990.

2. David A. Hollinger, "Star Power: Two biographies of Carl Sagan explore the scientist as celebrity and the celebrity as scientist," The New York Times, 28 Nov. 1999.

3. Carl Sagan, Carl Sagan's Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 45.

4. Carl Sagan and Joshua Lederberg, "The Prospects for Life on Mars: A Pre-Viking Assessment," Icarus, 28 (1976).

5. George Basalla, Civilized Life in the Universe: Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 110.

6. "Mars: The Search Begins," Time,108 (July 5, 1976), 87-90; Carl Sagan, Other Worlds, (New York: Bantam Books, 1975).

7. Carl Sagan, Cosmos (New York: Ballantine Books, 1985).

8. Arthur C. Clarke, Interplanetary Flight: An Introduction to Aeronautics (New York: Harper, 1952).

9. Ray Spangenburg, Kit Moser, Diane Moser, Carl Sagan: A Biography (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Company, 2004), p. 12.

10. Jorge Alberto Delucca, A Few Great Scientists: From Alfred Nobel to Carl Sagan (Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation, 2017).

11. William Poundstone, Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos (New York: Henry Holt, 1999) .

12. Keay Davidson, Carl Sagan: A Life (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 1999).

13. Carl Sagan, Physical Studies of Planets, University of Chicago Ph.D. Thesis, 1960.

14. Jacob Berkowitz, The Stardust Revolution: The New Story of Our Origin in the Stars (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2012), p. 132.

15. Joshua Lederberg and Dean B. Cowie "Moondust," Science, Vol. 127, No. 3313 (1958), pp. 1473-1475.

16. Carl Sagan, "Wolf Vladimir Vishniac: An Obituary," Icarus, Volume 22, Issue 3 (1974), pp. 397-398.

17. Eugene Kinkead, "The Tiny Landscape, Pt. 1," The New Yorker, 2 July 1955.

18. Maya Benton, Roman Vishniac Rediscovered. Label Text, Roman Vishniac, "Vishniac's son Wolf arriving with his family in New York Harbor on the S.S. Siboney," [ca. 1940] (New York: International Center of Photography, 2013).

20. Wolf Vishniac, Bo L. Horecker, Severo Ochoa. "Enzymic aspects of photosynthesis," Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology 19 (1957), pp. 1-77.

19. Wolf Vishniac, Melvin Santer. "The thiobacilli," Bacteriological Reviews 21, no. 3 (1957), p. 195.

20. Wolf Vishniac, "Letter to Senator Clinton P. Anderson," U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Aug. 1969.

21. "The Search for Martian Life Begins: 1959-1965," in Edward Clinton Ezell and Linda Neuman Ezell, On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958-1978 (Washington: The NASA History Series, 1984).

22. Wolf Vishniac, "Extraterrestrial Microbiology," Aerospace Medicine (1960), pp. 678-680.

23. John D. Rummel, "Carl Woese, Dick Young, and the roots of astrobiology," RNA Biology 11 no. 3 (2014), pp. 207-209.

24. David Warmflash, "Celebrating Viking: Gilbert Levin Recalls the Search for Life on Mars," Discover, 20 July 2016.

25. Jay Gallentine, "What If," Infinity Beckoned: Adventuring through the solar system, 1969-1989 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016).

26. Life Detection Experiments Team, "A Survey of Life Detection Instruments for Mars," NASA-TM-X-54946 Technical Report, NASA (August 1963), p. 15.

27. Wolf Vishniac, "Letter from Wolf Vishniac to Clinton P. Anderson, United States Senate," 28 August 1969.

28. S. D. Kilston, R. R. Drummond, C. Sagan, "A search for life on Earth at kilometer resolution," Icarus 5, 79 (1966), pp. 79-98.

29. Carl Sagan and David Wallace. "A search for life on Earth at 100 meter resolution," Icarus, 15, 3 (1970), pp. 515-554.

30. Carl Sagan, "Is There Life on Earth?" Engineering and Science, 35 (4) (1972), pp. 16-19.

31. Carl Sagan, "Statement of Dr. Carl Sagan, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.," Symposium on Unidentified Flying Objects, Hearings Before the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, 90th Congress, 2nd Session, 29 July 1968.

32. Jordan Bimm, "What's in the Mars Jar? Cold War Astrobiology and the idea of Mars as a Microbial Place," at the American Anthropological Association (AAA), Denver, CO, USA.

33. Henry S.F. Cooper, Jr., The Search for Life on Mars: Evolution of an Idea (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980).

34. N.H. Horowitz, et al."Sterile Soil from Antarctica: Organic Analysis," Science 164 no. 3,883 (1969), 1054-1056.

35. Norman H. Horowitz, To Utopia and Back: The Search for Life in the Solar System (New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1986), p. 120.

36. "55 Years Ago: Mariner 2 First to Venus," NASA, 14 Dec. 2017.

37. William Poundstone, Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), pp. 25, 107.

38. Harold Urey, quoted in Bill Sternberg, "The Sagan Files," Cornell Alumni Magazine, March/April 2014.

39. Wolf Vishniac, "Letter from Wolf Vishniac to Clinton P. Anderson, United States Senate," 28 August 1969.

40. Gilbert V. Levin, "The Curiousness of Curiosity," Astrobiology 15 no. 2 (2015), pp. 101-103.

41. "Viking Lander: Creating the Science Teams," in Edward Clinton Ezell and Linda Neuman Ezell, On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958-1978 (Washington: The NASA History Series, 1984).

42. Joshua Lederberg, "Letter to Dr. Richard S. Young, March 15, 1972," The Joshua Lederberg Papers.

43. Ephraim Vishniac, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, phone interview (8 Sept. 2017).

44. Zeddie Bowen, quoted in William Sheehan, Mars: The Lure of the Red Planet, 289

45. Zeddie Bowen, quoted in Ricki Lewis, "Researchers' Deaths Inspire Actions To Improve Safety," The Scientist, 27 Oct. 1997.

46. Associated Press, "Wolf V. Vishniac, Micro Biologist," The New York Times, 12 Dec. 1973.

47. Carl Sagan, "Wolf Vladimir Vishniac: An Obituary," Icarus, Volume 22, Issue 3 (1974), pp. 397-398.

48. Eric Burgess, To the Red Planet (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. 63.

49. F. Javier Martín-Torres, María-Paz Zorzano, Patricia Valentín-Serrano, Ari-Matti Harri, Maria Genzer, Osku Kemppinen, Edgard G. Rivera-Valentin et al. "Transient liquid water and water activity at Gale crater on Mars," Nature Geoscience 8, no. 5 (2015), p. 357.

50. "Yuty crater in Chryse Planitia, Mars," NASA, 22 June 1976.

51. "Site Certification - and Landing," in Edward Clinton Ezell and Linda Neuman Ezell, On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958-1978 (Washington: The NASA History Series, 1984).

52. "Science: Another Delay for Viking," Time, 19 July 1976.

53. Sam McDonald, "'Viking at 40' Events Revisit a Giant Step in NASA's Journey to Mars," NASA, July 26, 2016.

54. "Viking 1 Lander," NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, NSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1975-075C, NASA.

55. Sam McDonald, "'Viking at 40' Events Revisit a Giant Step in NASA's Journey to Mars," NASA, July 26, 2016.

56. Rebecca Wright, "Interview with A. Thomas Young," NASA Headquarters Oral History Project, NASA Johnson Space Center History Portal (2013).

57. "Viking Encounter Press Kit," NASA, June 1976, p. 18.

58. William Poundstone, Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos (New York: Henry Holt, 1999).

59. "Big Joe in the Chryse Planitia," NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 27 Feb. 1997.

60. David McNab, James Younger, The Planets (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).

61. Elliott C. Levinthal, Kenneth L. Jones, Paul Fox, and Carl Sagan. "Lander imaging as a detector of life on Mars," Journal of Geophysical Research 82, no. 28 (1977), pp. 4468-4478.

62. Gilbert V. Levin in"The Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiments," Viking at 40 Symposium Lectures (2016).

63. Gilbert V. Levin, "The Viking labeled release experiment and life on Mars," In Instruments, Methods, and Missions for the Investigation of Extraterrestrial Microorganisms, vol. 3111. International Society for Optics and Photonics, (1997), pp. 146-161.

64. Robert Markley, Dying Planet: Mars in Science and the Imagination (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005), p. 258.

65. Walter Sullivan, "How to Search for Undefined 'Life' on Mars," The New York Times, August 1, 1976.

66. Peter Ward, Life As We Do Not Know It: The NASA Search for (and Synthesis of) Alien Life (New York: Penguin, 2007), p. 177.

67. Carl Sagan, "The Search for Extraterrestrial Life," Scientific American, 271, 4 (October 1994), p. 93.

二、天降飞石

1. Edward Clinton Ezel, Linda Neuman Ezell, On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958-1978 (Washington: The NASA History Series, 1984), p. 236.

2. Helen S. Vishniac and Walter P. Hempfling, "Cryptococcus vishniacii sp. nov., an Antarctic yeast," International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 29, no. 2 (1979), pp. 153-158.

3. Peter T. Doran, W. Berry Lyons, Diane M. McKnight, Life in Antarctic D eserts and other Cold Dry Environments: Astrobiological Analogs (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 2-3.

4. E. Imre Friedmann, Roseli Ocampo, "Endolithic Blue-Green Algae in the Dry Valleys: Primary Producers in the Antarctic Desert Ecosystem," Science 193 no, 4,259 (1976), pp. 1247-1249.

5. Richard A. Kerr, "Seawater and the ocean crust: the hot and cold of it, "Science 200, no. 4346 (1978), pp. 1138-1187.

6. Kary B. Mullis, "The polymerase chain reaction (Nobel Lecture), " Angewandte Chemie 33, 12 (1994), pp. 1209-1213.

7. A. Chien, D.B. Edgar, J.M. Trela, "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus, "Journal of Bacteriology. 127 (3) (1976), pp. 1550-1557.

8. Thomas D. Brock, Hudson Freeze. "Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a nonsporulating extreme thermophile, " Journal of bacteriology 98, no. 1 (1969).

9. Morita, R. Y. 1976. Survival of bacteria in cold and moderate hydrostatic pressure environments with special reference to psychrophilic and barophilic bacteria, pp. 279-298.

10. R. G. Gray, J. R. Postgate (ed.), The survival of vegetative microbes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

11. M.T. Hansen, "Multiplicity of genome equivalents in the radiation-resistant bacterium Micrococcus radioduransn, "Journal of bacteriology 134, no. 1 (1978), pp. 71-75.

12. Bevan E.B. Moseley, "Photobiology and radiobiology of Micrococcus (Deinococcus) radiodurans," In Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews (Boston: Springer, 1983), pp. 223-274.

13. West, Julia M., Ian G. McKinley. "The geomicrobiology of nuclear waste disposal," MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive 26 (1983).

14. W. A. Cassidy, E. Olsen, K. Yanai. "Antarctica: a deep-freeze storehouse for meteorites," Science 198, no. 4318 (1977), pp. 727-731.

15. Mimi Swartz, "It Came From Outer Space," Texas Monthly, 1 Nov. 1996.

16. John F. Kennedy, "Address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort," John. F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 12 Sept. 1962.

17. W.F. Foshag, "Problems in the Study of Meteorites," The American Mineralogist 26 no. 3 (1941), p. 137.

18. Megan Garber, "Thunderstone: What People Thought About Meteorites Before Modern Astronomy," The Atlantic, 15 Feb. 2013.

19. D.D. Bogard, P. Johnson, Martian gases in an Antarctic meteorite. Science 221 (1983): 651-654.

20. Allan H. Treiman, James D. Gleason, Donald D. Bogard, "The SNC meteorites are from Mars," Planetary and Space Science 48 (2000), pp. 1213-1230.

21. T. J. Lapen, M. Righter, A. D. Brandon, Vinciane Debaille, B. L. Beard, J. T. Shafer, A. H. Peslier. "A younger age for ALH84001 and its geochemical link to shergottite sources in Mars," Science 328, no. 5976 (2010), pp. 347-351.

22. M. Humayun, Alexander Nemchin, B. Zanda, R. H. Hewins, Marion Grange, Allen Kennedy, J-P. Lorand et al. "Origin and age of the earliest Martian crust from meteorite NWA 7533," Nature 503, no. 7477 (2013), p. 513.

23. Bogard, D. D. "Exposure-age-initiating events for Martian meteorites: Three or four?" In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, vol. 26. 1995.

24. David S. McKay, Everett K. Gibson, Kathie L. Thomas-Keprta, Hojatollah Vali, Christopher S. Romanek, Simon J. Clemett, Xavier D.F. Chillier, Claude R. Maechling, pp. Richard N. Zare. "Search for past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001," Science 273, no. 5277 (1996), pp. 924-930.

25. Kirschvink, J. L. "South-seeking magnetic bacteria," Journal of Experimental Biology 86, no. 1 (1980), pp. 345-347.

26. Frankel, Richard B., Richard P. Blakemore. "Precipitation of Fe3O4 in magnetotactic bacteria," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 304, no. 1121 (1984), pp. 567-574.

27. Wei Lin, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Tian Xiao, Long‐Fei Wu, Yongxin Pan. "Life with compass: diversity and biogeography of magnetotactic bacteria," Environmental microbiology 16, no. 9 (2014), pp. 2646-2658.

28. Kathie L. Thomas-Keprta, et al., "Magnetofossils from Ancient Mars: A Robust Biosignature in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001," Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 no. 8 (2002), pp. 3663-3672.

29. Mimi Swartz, "It Came From Outer Space," Texas Monthly, 1 Nov. 1996.

30. For a fascinating description of the unfolding of ALH84001, see Kathy Sawyer, The Rock From Mars: A Detective Story on Two Planets (New York: Random House, 2006).

31. William Jefferson Clinton, "Statement Regarding Mars Meteorite Discovery," Office of the Press Secretary, 7 Aug. 1996.

32. Keay Davidson, "Romancing the Red Planet," San Francisco Examiner, August 8, 1996.

33. John Noble Wilford, "Clues in Meteorite Seem to Show Signs of Life on Mars Long Ago," The New York Times, 7 Aug. 1996.

34. Space Studies Board and National Research Council. Size limits of very small microorganisms: proceedings of a workshop. (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1999).

35. Matt Crenson, "After 10 Years, Few Believe Life on Mars," The Washington Post, 5 Aug. 2006.

36. David S. McKay, Kathy L. Thomas-Keprta, Simon J. Clemett, Everett K. Gibson Jr, Lauren Spencer, Susan J. Wentworth. "Life on Mars: new evidence from martian meteorites," In Instruments and Methods for Astrobiology and Planetary Missions XII, vol. 7441, p. 744102. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2009).

37. Kathie L. Thomas-Keprta, et al. "Origins of magnetite nanocrystals in Martian meteorite ALH84001," Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73,21 (2009), pp. 6631-6677.

38. Everett K. Gibson Jr., David S. McKay, Kathie L. Thomas-Keprta, S. J. Wentworth, F. Westall, Andrew Steele, Christopher S. Romanek, M. S. Bell, J. Toporski. "Life on Mars: evaluation of the evidence within Martian meteorites ALH84001, Nakhla, and Shergotty," Precambrian research 106, no. 1-2 (2001), pp. 15-34.

39. William K. Stevens, "A 'Mellow Scientist' David Stewart McKay," The New York Times, August 9, 1996.

40. Carl Sagan, quoted in Patrizio E. Tressoldi, "Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence: The Case of Non-Local Perception, a Classical and Bayesian Review of Evidences," Frontiers in Psychology 2 (2011), p. 117.

41. Carl Sagan, Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium (New York: Ballantine, 1998), p. 60.

42. Carl R. Woese, Otto Kandler, Mark L. Wheelis. "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87, no. 12 (1990), pp. 4576-4579.

43. Keith H.S. Campbell, Jim McWhir, William A. Ritchie, Ian Wilmut, "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line," Nature 380, no. 6569 (1996), p. 64.

44. William F. Bottke, Marc D. Norman. "The late heavy bombardment," Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 45 (2017), p. 619-647.

三、穿越

1. "Press Kit: Mars Pathfinder Landing," NASA, July 1997, 7.

2. Howard E. McCurdy, Faster, better, cheaper: Low-cost innovation in the US space program. (Baltimore: JHU Press, 2001).

3. William J. Broad, "Scientist at Work: Daniel S. Goldin, Bold Remodeler of a Drifting Agency," The New York Times, 21 Dec. 1993.

4. John Noble Wilford, "More Than 20 Years After Viking, Craft is to Land, And Bounce, On Mars," The New York Times, 1 July 1997.

5. David R. Williams, "Mars Pathfinder Atmospheric Entry Strategy," NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 30 Dec. 2004.

6. "Mars Pathfinder transmits dramatic color images," CNN, 5 July 1997.

7. "Mars Curiosity Rover: Wheels and legs," NASA.

8. "Rover 'holds hands' with Barnacle Bill," CNN, 7 July 1997.

9. D.M. Nelson, R. Greeley, "Xanthe Terra Outflow Channel Geology at the Mars Pathfinder Landing Site," Journal of Geophysical Research Planets 104 no. 4 (1999), pp. 8653-8669.

10. R. Rieder, T. Economou, H. Wänke, A. Turkevich, J. Crisp, J. Brückner, G. Dreibus, H. Y. McSween. "The chemical composition of Martian soil and rocks returned by the mobile alpha proton X-ray spectrometer: Preliminary results from the X-ray mode," Science 278, no. 5344 (1997), pp. 1771-1774.

11. John Noble Wilford, "Mars History: Heat and Cold Leave Marks," The New York Times, 9 July 1997.

12. Ronald Greeley, Michael Kraft, Robert Sullivan, Gregory Wilson, Nathan Bridges, Ken Herkenhoff, Ruslan O. Kuzmin, Michael Malin, Wes Ward. "Aeolian features and processes at the Mars Pathfinder landing site," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 104, no. E4 (1999), pp. 8573-8584.

13. Matt Crenson, "Back on Mars," The Courier-Journal (Louisville), 5 July 1997.

14. Wilford, "Scientists await craft's plunge to Mars today," The Courier-Journal (Louisville), 4 July 1997.

15. Mars Pathfinder Science Results: Rotational and Orbital Dynamics, NASA; W. M. Folkner, et al., "Interior Structure and Seasonal Mass Redistribution of Mars from Radio Tracking of Mars Pathfinder," Science 278 no. 5,344 (1997), pp. 1749-1752.

16. Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones, Around the World in 20 Days: The Story of Our History-Making Balloon Flight (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 1999).

17. Malcolm W. Browne, "Balloon Soars Over Atlantic, Setting Record in Solo Flight," The New York Times, 12 Aug. 1998.

18. Steve Fossett Biography, National Aviation Hall of Fame.

19. "Signals From Mars From a Balloon," The New York Times, 2 May, 1909.

20. W. Bernard Carlson, Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age (Princeton, N.J.; Princeton University Press, 2013): 277.

21. "Offer Balloon to Todd," The New York Times, 7 May 1909.

22. "Weird 'Radio Signal' Film Deepens Mystery of Mars," The Washington Post, Aug 27, 1924.

23. William Sheehan, Mars: The Lure of the Red Planet (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2010), p. 233.

24. Ray Spangenburg, Kit Moser, and Diane Moser, Carl Sagan: A Biography (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Company, 2004), p. 42.

25. Pierre de Latil, Tom Margerison, "Planetary observations by the multi-balloon technique," The New Scientist, 7 May 1959.

26. Louis de Gouyon Matignon, "Audouin Dollfus, The French Aeronaut," Space Legal Issues, May 25, 2019.

27. Mark Karpel, "The Drifters," Air & Space, Aug. 2010.

28. Raymond E. Arvidson, et al. "Aerobot measurements successfully obtained during Solo Spirit Balloon Mission," EOS 80 no. 14 (1999), pp. 153-159.

29. Tony Fitzpatrick, "NASA payload part of cargo on Solo Spirit," Record 22 no. 15, 11 Dec. 1997.

30. Tribune News Services, "Fossett Lifts Off on 4th Balloon Attempt to Circle the World," Chicago Tribune, 8 Aug. 1998.

31. Steve Mills, "Balloonist Charting a High-Tech Course," Chicago Tribune, 19 Jan. 1997.

32. Michelle Knott, "Technology: Up, up and around the world," New Scientist, 21 Dec. 1996.

33. Malcolm W. Browne, "Balloonist to Take It Easy After Stormy Crash at Sea," The New York Times, 18 Aug. 1998.

34. Jon Jeter, "Storm Ends Balloonist's Quest in Coral Sea," The Washington Post, 17 Aug. 1998.

35. Rohan Sullivan, Balloonist Fossett Rescued From Sea, AP News, August 17, 1998; "Balloonist Rescued Off Australia," CNN, August 17, 1998.

36. Steve Fossett Interview, Public Broadcasting Corporation, NOVA.

四、近拱点

1. "Mars is Earth, Upside Down," ToponymyMars, 2 June 2013.

2. Maria Zuber, David E. Smith, James B. Abshire, D. O. Muhleman, Sean C. Solomon, H. J. Zvally, G. A Neumann, Oded Aharonson, A. Ivanov, Geometry of the north polar icecap of Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter, Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 79, Fall Meeting suppl., F5,1998.s.

3. Maria Zuber, David E. Smith, Sean C. Solomon, et al. "Observations of the north polar region of Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter," Science 282, no. 5396 (1998), pp. 2053-2060.

4. "New View of Mars' North Pole Reported in Science," EurekAlert!, 6 Dec. 1998.

5. David L. Chandler, "In Profile: Maria Zuber," MIT News, 18 Sept. 2009.

6. "Background of the MOLA Investigation: Background and General Information," MOLA Science Investigation, NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center.

7. "The'80s > Mars Observer," NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Michael C. Malin, et al., "An overview of the 1985-2006 Mars Orbiter Camera science investigation," Mars: The International Journal of Mars Science and Exploration, 5 (2010), pp. 1-60.

8. MIT News Office, "3Q: Maria Zuber, daughter of coal country," MIT News, 27 Feb. 2017.

9. "Maria Zuber," YouTube video, posted by MIT Infinite History, 8 April 2016.

10. "Maria Zuber: The geophysicist became the first woman to lead a NASA planetary spacecraft mission," Physics Today, 27 June 2017.

11. Maria Zuber, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Cambridge, MA. (1 May 2019).

12. Maria Zuber, E. M. Parmentier, "A geometric analysis of surface deformation: Implications for the tectonic evolution of Ganymede," Icarus 60 no. 1 (1984), pp. 200-210.

13. Maria Zuber, "A dynamic model for ridge belts on Venus and constraints on lithospheric structure," Lunar and Planetary Science Conference vol. 17 (1986), pp. 979-980.

14. Maria Zuber, interviewed by Sarah Johnson, personal interview, Cambridge, MA. (1 May 2019).

15. Bruce Banerdt, "The Martian Chronicles vol. 1, no. 3," NASA.

16. Michael C. Malin, G. E. Danielson, A. P. Ingersoll, H. Masursky, J. Veverka, M. A. Ravine, T. A. Soulanille. "Mars observer camera," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 97, no. E5 (1992), pp. 7699-7718.

17. Michael C. Malin, et al."An overview of the 1985-2006 Mars Orbiter Camera science investigation," Mars: The International Journal of Mars Science and Exploration no. 5 (2010), p. 7.

18. John Noble Wilford, "NASA Loses Communication With Mars Observer," The New York Times, 23 Aug. 1993.

19. John Noble Wilford, "Another Hope to Save Mars Craft Is Dashed," The New York Times, 26 Aug. 1993.

20. Ben Evans, "And Then Silence: 25 Years Since the Rise and Fall of Mars Observer," America Space, 24 Sept. 2017.

21. Zoe Strassfield, "An Interview with Maria Zuber (Part I)," EAPS, 14 Nov. 2012.

22. "Mars Orbiter Camera Mars Weather Update for the week September 3-9, 2002," Malin Space Science Systems.

23. Stephanie A. Roy, "The origin of the smaller, faster, cheaper approach in NASA's solar system exploration program," Journal of Space Policy 14 (1998), pp. 153-171.

24. "Press Kit: Mars Observer," NASA, Sept. 1992.

25. "Press Kit: Mars Global Surveyor Arrival," NASA, Sept. 1997; Kirk Goodall, "An Explanation of How Aerobreaking Works," Mars Global Surveyor, NASA.

26. Diana Ainsworth (contact), "Mars Pathfinder Passes Global Surveyor on Its Way to Mars," Public Information Office, Jet Propulsion Library, NASA, 14 March 1997.

27. "Mars Global Surveyor Mapped the Red Planet," in Exploring Mars, SpaceToday, 2007.

28. Daniel T. Lyons, "Mars Global Surveyor: Aerobraking with a Broken Wing," Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report (30 July 1997) .

29. Mars Global Surveyor: An Explanation of How Aerobraking Works, NASA.

30. "Flight Status Report," 24 Jan. 1997; Daniel T. Lyons, "Mars Global Surveyor: Aerobraking with a Broken Wing," Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report (30 July 1997).

31. Diane Ainsworth, "Surveyor Resumes Aerobraking, Heads for New Mapping Orbit," Public Information Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, 10 Nov. 1997.

32. Diane Ainsworth, "Mars Global Surveyor Successfully Completes Aerobraking," Media Relations Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, 4 Feb. 1999.

33. William Sheehan, The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999) .

34. William Sheehan, "Giovanni Schiaparelli: Visions of a colour blind astronomer," Journal of the British Astronomical Association 107 (1997), pp. 11-15.

35. William Sheehan, Mars: The Lure of the Red Planet (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2010) .

36. K. Maria D. Lane, Mapping the Mars canal mania: Cartographic projection and the creation of a popular icon. Imago Mundi, 58(2) (2006), pp. 198-211.

37. Michele T. Mazzucato, "Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli," Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 100, (2006), pp. 114-117.

38. A. Manara, G. Trinchieri, "Schiaparelli and his legacy," Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana, 82, (2011).

39. A. Ferrari, "Between two Halley's comet visits," Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society 82 no. 2 (2011) pp. 232-239.

40. Agnese Mandrino, et al."Calze, camicie, frack e bottoni sullo sfondo del trattato di Parigi," Di Pane e Di Stelle, 29 Aug. 2010.

41. G.V. Schiaparelli, Letter dated April 29, 1856, Historical Archive of the Astronomical Observatory of Brera, Box 370.

42. G. Trinchieri, G. amd A. Manara, "Schiaparelli and His Legacy," Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana, v.82, (2011): A. Ferrari, "Between Two Halley's Comet Visits," Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana, v.82 (2011).

43. P. Tucci, "The Diary of Schiaparelli in Berlin (26 October 1857-10 May 1859): a guide for his future scientific activity," Journal of the Italian Astronomical Society 82 no. 2 (2011), pp. 240-247.

44. Jürgen Blunck, Mars and Its Satellites: A Detailed Commentary on the Nomenclature (Smithtown, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1982), p. 15.

45. Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli, Astronomical and Physical Observations of the Axis of Rotation and the Topography of the Planet Mars: First Memoir, 1877-1878, trans.

46. William Sheehan (Springfield, Ill.: Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, 1996), pp. 1, 3.

47. K. Maria D. Lane, "Geographers of Mars: Cartographic Inscription and Exploration Narrative in Late Victorian Representations of the Red Planet," Isis , Vol. 96, No. 4 (December 2005), pp. 477-506, p. 488 in particular.

48. "Scientists get images of Mars pole, clouds," MIT News, 9 Dec. 1998

49. Maria Zuber, et al., "Observations of the north polar region of Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter," Science 282 no. 5396 (1998), 2053-2060.

50. David Spencer, R.H. Tolson, "Aerobraking Cost/Risk Decisions," J. Spacecraft and Rockets. (2007), 44.; Greg Mehall, "Mars Global Surveyor and TES Update," TES News 7 no. 1 (Jan. 1998).

51. Tony Spear, "NASA FBC Task Final Report," National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 13 March 2001.

52. Arden Albee, Steven Battel, Richard Brace, Garry Burdick, John Casani, Jeffrey Lavell, Charles Leising, Duncan MacPherson, Peter Burr, Duane Dipprey. "Report on the loss of the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 missions," NASA Technical Report (2000).

53. Eric J. Kolb, Kenneth L. Tanaka, "Accumulation and erosion of south polar layered deposits in the Promethei Lingula region, Planum Australe, Mars," Mars: The International Journal of Mars Science and Exploration 2 (2006), pp. 1-9.

54. The lower gravity helped, but it was still the equivalent of a fall from a four-story building. Kenneth Chang, "Remains of Failed Mars Lander May Have Been Found," The New York Times, 10 May 2005.

55. "Possible Crash Site of Mars 6 Orbiter/Lander in Samara Vallis," Lunar and Planetary Laboratory High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, Image acquired 26 May 2007.

56. "Mars 3 Lander," NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, NSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1971-049F.

57. J. C. Bridges, et al. "Identification of the Beagle 2 lander on Mars," Royal Society open science 4, no. 10 (2017): 170785.

58. Ben Huh, "Kids' Names Going to Mars," South Florida Sun-Sentinel, 3 March 1998; Ashwin R. Vasavada, et al., "Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites," Journal of Geophysical Research 105 no. E3 (2000), pp. 6961-6969.

59. "Mars Obiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) Elevation Map," NASA dard Space Flight Center, 27 May 1999.

60. D. Breuer, T. Spohn. "Early plate tectonics versus single‐plate tectonics on Mars: Evidence from magnetic field history and crust evolution." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 108, no. E7 (2003).

61. An Yin. "Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars." Lithosphere 4, no. 4 (2012), pp. 286-330.

62. J.H. Roberts, R.J. Mills, and M. Manga, "Giant impacts on early Mars and the cessation of the Martian dynamo," Journal of Geophysical Research Planets 114 no. E4 (2009).

63. David L. Chandler, "In Profile: Maria Zuber," MIT News, 18 Sept. 2009; David E. Smith, Maria T. Zuber, Sean C. Solomon, Roger J. Phillips, James W. Head, James B. Garvin, W. Bruce Banerdt et al. "The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution." Science 284, no. 5419 (1999), pp. 1495-1503

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65. J. Taylor Perron, et al. "Evidence for an ancient martian ocean in the topography of deformed shorelines," Nature 447 (2007), pp. 840-843.

66. Javier Ruiz, "On ancient shorelines and heat flows on Mars," Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 36 (2005).

67. "PIA04531: Earth and Moon as viewed from Mars," Mars Global Surveyor, 22 May 2003.

68. Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (New York: Ballantine Books, 1997), p. 6.

69. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring (New York: Del Rey, 1986), p. 193.

五、酸性平原

1. "The Rover's Antennas,"NASA Mars; "Communications with Earth," NASA Mars.

2. Daniel Siegal, "Montrose jeweler makes watches on Mars time," Los Angeles Times, 30 Oct. 2013.

3. Steve Squyres, Roving Mars: Spirit, Opportunity, and the Exploration of the Red Planet (New York: Hyperion, 2005).

4. "Mars Exploration Rovers Overview," Mars Exploration Rovers, NASA.

5. Guy Webster, "Go To That Crater And Turn Right: Spirit Gets A Travel Itinerary," NASA, January 13, 2004.

6. Marcus Y. Woo, "Roving on Mars," Engineering and Science, 72 (2) (2009) pp. 12-20.

7. "Martian 'Blueberries,'" NASA Science Mars Exploration Program Beta, 27 Jan. 2015.

8. Marjorie A Chan, Brenda Beitler, W. T. Parry, Jens Ormö, Goro Komatsu. "A possible terrestrial analogue for haematite concretions on Mars," Nature 429, no. 6993 (2004) .

9. Scott M. McLennan, et al. "Provenance and diagenesis of the evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240, no. 1 (2005), pp. 95-121.

10. W. M. Calvin, et al. "Hematite spherules at Meridiani: Results from MI, Mini‐TES, and Pancam," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 113, no. E12 (2008).

11. Henry Bortman, "Evidence of Water Found on Mars," Astrobiology Magazine, 3 March 2004.

12. G. Klingelhöfer, R. Van Morris, B. Bernhardt, C. Schröder, D. S. Rodionov, et al. "Jarosite and hematite at Meridiani Planum from Opportunity's Mössbauer spectrometer," Science 306, no. 5702 (2004), pp. 1740-1745.

13. Linda A. Amaral Zettler, Felipe Gómez, Erik Zettler, Brendan G. Keenan, Ricardo Amils, Mitchell L. Sogin. "Microbiology: eukaryotic diversity in Spain's River of Fire," Nature 417, no. 6885 (2002), p. 137.

14. J. P. Grotzinger, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell III, et al. "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a dry to wet eolian depositional system, Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240, no. 1 (2005), pp. 11-72.

15. "Press Release Images: Opportunity: A Puzzling Crack," NASA Mars Exploration Rovers, 6 April 2004.

16. S.W. Squyres, et al."Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum: Eagle Crater to Purgatory Ripple," Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006), p. 4.

17. Bruce C. Heezen, Marie Tharp. "World ocean floor panorama," Full Color, Painted by H. Berann, Mercator Projection, Scale 1, no. 23,230,300 (1977).

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20. Squyres, Steven W., John P. Grotzinger, et al. "In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars," Science 306, no. 5702 (2004), pp. 1709-1714.

21. Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, S. W. Squyres, R. Arvidson, et al. "Evidence from Opportunity's microscopic imager for water on Meridiani Planum," Science 306, no. 5702 (2004), pp. 1727-1730.

22. Scott M. McLennan, J. F. Bell III, W. M. Calvin, et al. "Provenance and diagenesis of the evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars," Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240, no. 1 (2005), pp. 95-121.

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1. Marcus Warren, "'Road of Bones' where slaves perished," The Telegraph, 10 Aug. 2002.

2. Quoted in Kristofor Minta and Herbert Pföstl, To Die No More (New York: Blind Pony Books, 2008), originally from Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth Century Russia (New York: Penguin Books, 2002), p. 300.

3. Eske Willerslev, et al., "Diverse Plant and Animal Genetic Records from Holocene and Pleistocene Sediments," Science 300 no. 5,620 (2003), 791-95.

4. Carl Zimmer, "Eske Willerslev is Rewriting History with DNA," The New York Times, 16 May 2016.

5. I. Mitrofanov, et al., "Maps of Subsurface Hydrogen from the High Energy Neutron Detector, Mars Odyssey," Science 297 no. 5,578 (2002), pp. 78-81.

6. Joakim Garff, translated by Bruce H. Kirmmse, Søren Kierkegaard: A Biography (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 811.

7. Sarah Johnson, "Ancient Bacteria Show Evidence of DNA Repair." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(36), 14401-14405 (2007).

8. Rod Pyle, Destination Mars: New Explorations of the Red Planet. (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2012), p. 248.

9. "Mars Phoenix Lander Overview," NASA.

10. Herodotus, Histories, trans. George Rawlinson (The Internet Classics Archive), II.

11. "NASA's Phoenix Mars Mission Gets Thumbs Up for 2007 Launch," NASA Press Release, 2 June 2005.

12. "Phoenix Mars Scout," NASA Facts, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA.

13. D.H. Plemmons, et al., "Effects of the Phoenix Lander descent thruster plume on the Martian surface," Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008).

14. "Frequently Asked Questions," Phoenix Mars Mission, the University of Arizona.

15. Eric Hand, "Mars exploration: Phoenix: a race against time," Nature, 23 Dec. 2008.

16. W. C Feldman, W. V. Boynton, R. L. Tokar, T. H. Prettyman, et al. "Global distribution of neutrons from Mars: Results from Mars Odyssey," Science 297, no. 5578 (2002), pp. 75-78.

17. I. Mitrofanov, D. Anfimov, A. Kozyrev, et al. "Maps of subsurface hydrogen from the high energy neutron detector, Mars Odyssey," Science 297, no. 5578 (2002), pp. 78-81.

18. Angela Poulson, "UA Art Class About to Complete Giant Phoenix Mars Mission Mural," UA News, 1 Dec. 2006.

19. Joe Bargmann, "Spacemen," The Washington Post Magazine, 28 Sept. 2008.

20. Alexis Madrigal, "Wired Science Scores Exclusive Twitter Interview with the Phoenix Mars Lander," Wired, 30 May 2008.

21. John Mahoney, "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Captures Images of Phoenix Lander's Descent," Popular Science, 27 May 2008.

22. Ivan Semeniuk, "First Phoenix images reveal 'quilted' Martian terrain," New Scientist, 26 May 2008.

23. Emily Lakdawalla, "Phoenix Has Landed!" The Planetary Society, 25 May 2008.

24. Peter H. Smith, "Introduction to Visions of Mars," The Planetary Society, 14 Feb. 2007.

25. Mellon, Michael T., Michael C. Malin, Raymond E. Arvidson, Mindi L. Searls, Hanna G. Sizemore, Tabatha L. Heet, Mark T. Lemmon, H. Uwe Keller, John Marshall. "The periglacial landscape at the Phoenix landing site," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 114, no. E1 (2009).

26. Kenneth Chang, "Blobs in Photos of Mars Lander Stir a Debate: Are They Water?" The New York Times, 16 March 2009.

27. Nilton O. Rennó et al. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 40 (2009).

28. Nilton O. Rennó, Brent J. Bos, David Catling, et al. "Possible physical and thermodynamical evidence for liquid water at the Phoenix landing site," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 114, no. E1 (2009).

29. Andrea Thompson, "Phoenix Mars Lander Found Liquid Water, Some Scientists Think," Space, 10 March 2009.

30. P. H. Smith, L. K. Tamppari, R. E. Arvidson, et al. "H2O at the Phoenix landing site," Science 325, no. 5936 (2009), p. 58-61.

31. Guy Webster, "Bright Chunks at Phoenix Lander's Mars Site Must Have Been Ice," NASA, 19 June 2008.

32. Eric Hand, "Mars exploration: Phoenix: a race against time," Nature, 23 Dec. 2008.

33. W. V. Boynton, D. W. Ming, S. P. Kounaves, et al. "Evidence for calcium carbonate at the Mars Phoenix landing site," Science 325, no. 5936 (2009), p. 61-64.

34. "Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA)," Phoenix Mars Mission, University of Arizona.

35. Samuel P. Kounaves, Michael H. Hecht, Steven J. West, et al. "The MECA wet chemistry laboratory on the 2007 Phoenix Mars Scout lander," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 114, no. E3 (2009).

36. Elizabeth K. Wilson, "Mars Soil PH Measured," Chemical and Engineering News, 27 June 2008.

37. Samuel P. Kounaves, et al. "Evidence of martian perchlorate, chlorate, and nitrate in Mars meteorite EETA79001: Implications for oxidants and organics," Icarus 229 (2014), p. 206-213.

38. Rocco L. Mancinelli, Amos Banin, "Where is the nitrogen on Mars?" International Journal of Astrobiology 2 no. 3 (2003), pp. 217-225.

39.Jennifer C. Stern, Brad Sutter, Caroline Freissinet, et al. "Evidence for indigenous nitrogen in sedimentary and aeolian deposits from the Curiosity rover investigations at Gale crater, Mars," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 14 (2015), p. 4245-4250.

40. M. H. Hecht, S. P. Kounaves, R. C. Quinn, et al. "Detection of perchlorate and the soluble chemistry of martian soil at the Phoenix lander site," Science 325, no. 5936 (2009), p. 64-67.

41. Leonard David, "Toxic Mars: Astronauts Must Deal with Perchlorate on the Red Planet," Space, 13 June 2013.

42. Quoting Mike Hecht, Ryan Anderson, "AGU Day 1: Phoenix," AGU 100 Blogosphere, 16 Dec. 2008.

43. Rafael Navarro‐González, Edgar Vargas, Jose de La Rosa, Alejandro C. Raga, Christopher P. McKay. "Reanalysis of the Viking results suggests perchlorate and organics at midlatitudes on Mars," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 115, no. E12 (2010).

44. Guy Webster, "Missing Piece Inspires New Look at Mars Puzzle," NASA, 3 Sept. 2010.

45. Kounaves, S. P. "The Phoenix Mars Lander Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL): Understanding the Aqueous Geochemistry of the Martian Soil," In International Workshop on Instrumentation for Planetary Missions, vol. 1683, pp. 1005, 2012.

46. John D. Coates, Laurie A. Achenbach. "Microbial perchlorate reduction: rocket-fuelled metabolism," Nature Reviews Microbiology 2, no. 7 (2004): 569.

47. Houtkooper, Joop M., Dirk Schulze-Makuch, "The Possible Role of Perchlorates for Martian Life," Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol. 5, 930-939, January 25, 2010.

48. Sophie Nixon, Claire Rachel Cousins, Charles Cockell. "Plausible microbial metabolisms on Mars," Astronomy & Geophysics (2013).

49. Vincent F. Chevrier, Jennifer Hanley, Travis S. Altheide. "Stability of perchlorate hydrates and their liquid solutions at the Phoenix landing site, Mars," Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 10 (2009) .

50. Mars Phoenix, Twitter post, 8 July 2008, 3:15 p.m.

51. Ryan Anderson, "Phoenix hanging in there," AGU 100 Blogosphere, 31 Oct. 2008.

52. Mars Phoenix, Twitter post, 28 Oct. 2008, 4:55 p.m.

53. J.A. Whiteway, et al., "Mars Water-Ice Clouds and Precipitation," Science 325 no. 5,936 (2009), pp. 68-70.

54. Anne Minard, "'Diamond Dust' Snow Falls Nightly on Mars," National Geographic News, 2 July 2009.

55. Eric Hand, "Mars exploration: Phoenix: a race against time," Nature, 23 Dec. 2008.

56. Mars Phoenix, Twitter post, 10 Nov. 2008, 1:12 p.m.

57. "Visions of Mars," The Planetary Society.

58. Bruce Betts, "We Make it Happen," The Planetary Report, Volume XXVI Number 6 (2006), p. 3.

59. Jon Lomberg, "Visions of Mars: Then and Now," The Planetary Society.

60. "Visions of Mars: The Stories," The Planetary Society.

61. "Visions of Mars: Artwork and Radio Broadcasts," The Planetary Society.

62. Peter H. Smith, "Introduction to Visions of Mars," The Planetary Society, 14 Feb. 2007.

63. Voltaire, "Micromégas," ed. Blake Winton Wilfong, Free Sci-Fi Classics.

64. Jeffrey R. Powell, Progress and prospects in evolutionary biology: the Drosophila model. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).

二、美妙的水

1. "Mars Science Laboratory Landing Site: Gale Crater," NASA Mars Exploration Program Beta, 22 July 2011.

2. "NASA Launches Most Capable and Robust Rover To Mars," NASA Mars Exploration Program Beta, 26 Nov. 2011.

3. Ravi Prakash, P. Dan Burkhart, Allen Chen, et al. "Mars Science Laboratory entry, descent, and landing system overview," IEEE Aerospace Conference (2008), pp. 1-18.

4. "Raw images: Sol 3," Mars Curiosity Rover, 14 Sept. 2019 (latest update).

5. Milliken, R. E., J. P. Grotzinger, B. J. Thomson. "Paleoclimate of Mars as captured by the stratigraphic record in Gale Crater," Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 4 (2010) .

6. A.A. Fraeman, et al. "The stratigraphy and evolution of lower Mount Sharp from spectral, morphological, and thermophysical orbital data sets," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 121 (2016), pp. 1713-1736.

7. "The Mars Exploration Program," NASA Mars Exploration.

8. "Context of Curiosity Landing Site in Gale Crater," NASA Mars Exploration Program Beta, 22 July 2011.

9. Emily Lakdawalla, "Curiosity: Notes from the two day-after-landing press briefings," The Planetary Society, 6 Aug. 2012.

10. Jason Hanna, "'Impressive' Curiosity landing only 1.5 miles off, NASA says," CNN, 14 Aug. 2012.

11. Charles Bolden, quoted in "First Recorded Voice from Mars," Mars Science Laboratory, NASA, 27 Aug. 2012.

12. Emily Lakdawalla, "Curiosity sol 9 update," The Planetary Society, 15 Aug. 2012.

13. R. M. E. Williams, J. P. Grotzinger, W. E. Dietrich, et al. "Martian fluvial conglomerates at Gale crater," Science 340, no. 6136 (2013), pp. 1068-1072.

14. Guy Webster, "NASA Rover Finds Old Streambed on Martian Surface," NASA, 27 September 2012.

15. J. P. Grotzinger, D. Y. Sumner, L. C. Kah, et al. "A habitable fluvio-lacustrine environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars," Science 343, no. 6169 (2014): 1242777.

16. J. P. Grotzinger, S. Gupta, M. C. Malin, et al. "Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater, Mars," Science 350, no. 6257 (2015): aac7575.

17. J. A. Hurowitz, J. P. Grotzinger, W. W. Fischer, et al. "Redox stratification of an ancient lake in Gale crater, Mars," Science 356, no. 6341 (2017): eaah6849.

18. C. Freissinet, D. P. Glavin, Paul R. Mahaffy, et al. "Organic Molecules in the Sheepbed Mudstone, Gale Crater, Mars," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 120, no. 3 (2015), pp. 495-514.

19. "A Guide to Gale Crater," NASA Video, 2 Aug. 2017.

20. Paul R. Mahaffy, et al."The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite," Space Science Reviews 170 no. 1-4 (2012), pp. 401-478.

21. Salem Solomon, "Born and Raised in Senafe, Eritrea, a NASA Scientist Leads Missions in Space," Eritrean Press, 20 Aug 2015.

22. Walter Sullivan, "Two gases associated with life found on Mars near polar cap," New York Times, 8 Aug. 1969.

23. K.C. Herr, G.C. Pimentel, "Infrared absorptions near 3 microns recorded over polar cap of Mars, " Science, 166 (1969), pp. 496-499.

24. M. J. Mumma, R. E. Novak, M. A. DiSanti, B. P. Bonev, N. Dello Russo. "Detection and mapping of methane and water on Mars," In Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, vol. 36(2004), p. 1,127.

25. Vladimir A. Krasnopolsky, Jean Pierre Maillard, Tobias C. Owen. "Detection of Methane in the Martian Atmosphere: Evidence for Life?" Icarus 172, no. 2 (2004), pp. 537-547.

26. Michael J. Mumma, Geronimo L. Villanueva, Robert E. Novak, Tilak Hewagama, Boncho P. Bonev, Michael A. DiSanti, Avi M. Mandell, Michael D. Smith. "Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003." Science 323, no. 5917 (2009), pp. 1041-1045.

27. Vittorio Formisano, Sushil Atreya, Thérèse Encrenaz, Nikolai Ignatiev, Marco Giuranna. "Detection of methane in the atmosphere of Mars," Science 306, no. 5702 (2004), pp. 1758-1761.

28. Christopher R. Webster, Paul R. Mahaffy, Sushil K. Atreya, et al. "Mars methane detection and variability at Gale crater," Science 347, no. 6220 (2015), pp. 415-417.

29. Christopher R. Webster, Paul R. Mahaffy, Sushil K. Atreya, et al. "Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations," Science 360, no. 6393 (2018), pp. 1093-1096.

30. James R. Lyons, Craig Manning, and Francis Nimmo. "Formation of methane on Mars by fluid‐rock interaction in the crust," Geophysical Research Letters 32, no. 13 (2005).

31. Brendon K. Chastain, Vincent Chevrier. "Methane clathrate hydrates as a potential source for martian atmospheric methane," Planetary and Space Science 55, no. 10 (2007), pp. 1246-1256.

32. Michael D. Max, Stephen M. Clifford. "The state, potential distribution, and biological implications of methane in the Martian crust," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 105, no. E2 (2000), pp. 4165-4171.

33. Paul R. Mahaffy, Christopher R. Webster, Michel Cabane, et al. "The sample analysis at Mars investigation and instrument suite," Space Science Reviews 170, no. 1-4 (2012), pp. 401-478.

34. Michael Farquhar, "Remains to Be Seen," The Washington Post, 30 June 1991.

35. Roger E. Summons, Pierre Albrecht, Gene McDonald, J. Michael Moldowan. "Molecular biosignatures," In Strategies of Life Detection (Boston, MA: Springer, 2008), pp. 133-159.

36. Biemann, K., et al., Search for Organic and Volatile Inorganic Compounds in Two Surface Samples from the Chryse Planitia Region of Mars, Science, 194(1976), pp. 72-76.

37. Biemann, K., et al., The Search for Organic Substances and Inorganic Volatile Compounds in the Surface of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 82(28)(1977), pp. 4641-4658.

38. Rafael Navarro‐González, Edgar Vargas, Jose de La Rosa, Alejandro C. Raga, Christopher P. McKay. "Reanalysis of the Viking Results Suggests Perchlorate and Organics at Midlatitudes on Mars," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 115, no. E12 (2010).

39. "SAM," Mars Curiosity Rover, NASA.

40. Daniel Limonadi, "Sampling Mars, Part 2: Science Instruments SAM and Chemin," The Planetary Society, 20 Aug. 2012.

41. "View Into 'John Klein' Drill Hole in Martian Mudstone," NASA.

42. "Quotation of the Day for Wednesday, Mar. 13, 2013," The New York Times, 13 March 2013; Carl Franzen, "Curiosity discovers ancient Mars could have supported life," The Verge, 12 March 2013.

43. Mahaffy et. al., "The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite," Space Science Reviews 170 no. 1-4 (2012), pp. 401-478.

44. Emily Lakdawalla, The Design and Engineering of Curiosity: How the Mars Rover Performs Its Job (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018).

45. C. Freissinet, D. P. Glavin, Paul R. Mahaffy, et al. "Organic Molecules in the Sheepbed Mudstone, Gale Crater, Mars," Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 120, no. 3 (2015), pp. 495-514.

46. J. L. Eigenbrode, R. E. Summons, A. Steele, et al. "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars." Science 360, no. 6393 (2018), pp. 1096-1101.

47. Dwayne Brown, JoAnna Wendel, "NASA Finds Organic Material, Mysterious Methane on Mars," NASA, 7 June 2018.

48. Mike Wall, "NASA's Curiosity Rover on Mars Is Climbing a Mountain Despite Wheel Damage," Space, 3 May 2016.

49. "Curiosity Rover Team Examining New Drill Hiatus," NASA Mars Exploration Beta, 5 Dec. 2016; "Curiosity Successfully Drills 'Duluth'," NASA Images, 23 May 2018.

50. Vera C. Rubin, W. Kent Ford Jr, Norbert Thonnard. "Rotational properties of 21 SC galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605/R= 4kpc/to UGC 2885/R=122 kpc," The Astrophysical Journal 238 (1980), pp. 471-487.

51. J. G. De Swart, Gianfranco Bertone, and Jeroen van Dongen, "How dark matter came to matter," Nature Astronomy 1, no. 3 (2017): 0059.

52. "Synopsis: How Dark Matter Shaped the First Galaxies," American Physical Society, 2 October 2019.

53. Interview of Vera Rubin by Alan Lightman on 3 April 1989, Niels Bohr Library and Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA.

54. Maiken Scott,"Vera Rubin's son reflects on how she paved the way for women," The Pulse, 12 Jan. 2017.

55. Jenna Avins, "'Devise your own paths': The enduring wisdom of Vera Rubin, groundbreaking astronomer and working mother," Quartz, 27 Dec. 2016.

56. Dennis Overbye, "Vera Rubin, 88, Dies; Opened Doors in Astronomy, and for Women," The New York Times, 27 Dec. 2016.

57. Lisa Randall, "Why Vera Rubin Deserved A Nobel," The New York Times, 4 Jan. 2017.

58. Sarah Scoles, "How Vera Rubin confirmed dark matter," Astronomy Magazine, June 2016.

59. Vera Rubin, Bright Galaxies, Dark Matters (New York, Springer Science and Business Media: 1996).

三、无形之形

1. D.C. Agle, "NASA Mars Mission Connects with Bosnian Town," NASA News, 23 Sept. 2019.

2. "Discover the most beautiful lakes in Eastern Europe," SNCB International.

3. "Pliva Lakes and Watermills," Visit Jajce.

4. "Categories (Themes) for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites," Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union.

5. "Jezero," Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union.

6. T.A. Goudge, "Stratigraphy and Evolution of Delta Channel Deposits, Jezero Crater, Mars," Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 48 (2017).

7. Emily Lakdawalla, "We're going to Jezero!," The Planetary Society, 20 Nov. 2018.

8. Martin J. Van Kranendonk, Vickie Bennett, Elis Hoffmann, eds. Earth's oldest rocks (Amsterdam, Elsevier: 2018).

9. The Changing Ice Caps of Mars," NASA Science Mars Exploration Program Beta, 27 Nov. 2018.

10. Kevin W. Lewis, Oded Aharonson, John P. Grotzinger, Randolph L. Kirk, Alfred S. McEwen, and Terry-Ann Suer. "Quasi-periodic bedding in the sedimentary rock record of Mars," Science 322, no. 5907 (2008): 1532-1535.

11. J. Taylor Perron and Peter Huybers. "Is there an orbital signal in the polar layered deposits on Mars?" Geology 37, no. 2 (2009): 155-158.

12. Armen Y. Mulkidjanian, et al., "Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields," PNAS 109 no. 14 (2012), E821-830.

13. Jay G. Forsythe, Sheng‐Sheng Yu, Irena Mamajanov, Martha A. Grover, Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, Facundo M. Fernández, and Nicholas V. Hud. "Ester‐mediated amide bond formation driven by wet-dry cycles: A possible path to polypeptides on the prebiotic Earth," Angewandte Chemie International Edition 54, no. 34 (2015): 9871-9875.

14. "Mars 2020 Rover," NASA; Emily Lakdawalla, "We're going to Jezero!," The Planetary Society, 20 Nov. 2018.

15. Eric Hand, "NASA's Mars 2020 rover to feature lean, nimble science payload," Science, 31 July 2014.

16. The arm's instrument-laden turret weighs 40 kilograms. Michelle Lou, "Watch the arm of NASA's Mars 2020 rover perform a bicep curl," CNN, 30 July 2019.

17. Ken Farley, "Mars 2020 Mission," Fourth Landing Site Workshop for the Mars 2020 Rover Mission, Glendale, C.A., 16 Oct. 2019.

18. "Sample Handling," NASA Mars 2020 Mission.

19. Bergit Uhran, Catharine Conley, and J. Andy Spry. "Updating Planetary Protection Considerations and Policies for Mars Sample Return," Space Policy (2019) .

20. Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Mircea Badescu, Stewart Sherrit, Xiaoqi Bao, Hyeong Jae Lee, Erik Bombela, and Sukhwinder Sandhu. "Sample containerization and planetary protection using brazing for breaking the chain of contact to Mars," Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XIII, vol. 10968, p. 1096802.

21. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2019). Robert Zubrin, quoted in Giancarlo Genta, "Lonely Minds in the Universe," (New York, Copernicus Books: 2007), 116.

22. Melanie Barboni, Patrick Boehnke, Brenhin Keller, Issaku E. Kohl, Blair Schoene, Edward D. Young, and Kevin D. McKeegan. "Early formation of the Moon 4.51 billion years ago," Science Advances 3, no. 1 (2017): e1602365.

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