1.Razib Khan,“The Scots-Irish as Indigenous People,”Discover（July 22,2012）,http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2012/07/the-scots-irish-asindigenous-people/#.VY8zEBNViko.

2.“Kentucky Feudist Is Killed,”The New York Times （November 3,1909）.

3.“Kentucky Feudist Is Killed,”The New York Times （November 3,1909）.

4.Phillip J.Obermiller,Thomas E.Wagner,and E.Bruce Tucker, Appalachian Odyssey: Historical Perspectives on the Great Migration,（Westport,CT: Praeger,2000）,Chapter 1.

5.Ibid.; Khan,“The Scots-Irish as Indigenous People.”

6.Jack Temple Kirby,“The Southern Exodus,1910–1960: A Primer for Historians,”The Journal of Southern History 49,no.4（November 1983）,585–600.

7.Jack Temple Kirby,“The Southern Exodus,1910–1960: A Primer for Historians,”The Journal of Southern History 49,no.4（November 1983）,585–600.

8.Jack Temple Kirby,“The Southern Exodus,1910–1960: A Primer for Historians,”The Journal of Southern History 49,no.4（November 1983）,598.

9.Carl E.Feather,Mountain People in a Flat Land: A Popular History of Appalachian Migration to Northeast Ohio,1940–1965（Athens: Ohio University Press,1998）,4.

11.Kirby,“The Southern Exodus,”598.

12.Elizabeth Kneebone,Carey Nadeau,and Alan Berube,“The Re-Emergence of Concentrated Poverty: Metropolitan Trends in the 2000s,”Brookings Institution（November 2011）,http://www.brookings.edu/research/ papers/2011/11/03-poverty-kneebone -nadeau-berube.

13.“Nice Work if You Can Get Out,”The Economist （April 2014）,http://www.economist .com/news/finance-and-economics/21600989-whyrich-now-have-less-leisure-poor-nice-work-if-you-can-get-out.

14.Robert P.Jones and Daniel Cox,“Beyond Guns and God.”Public Religion Institute（2012）,http://publicreligion.org/site/wp-content/ uploads/2012/09/WWC-Report-For-Web-Final.pdf.

15.American Hollow （documentary）,directed by Rory Kennedy（USA,1999）.

16.Linda Gorman,“Is Religion Good for You?,”The National Bureau of Economic Research,http://www.nber.org/digest/oct05/w11377.html.

17.Raj Chetty,et al.,“Equality of Opportunity Project.”Equality of Opportunity.”2014.http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org.（The authors’“Rel.Tot.variable”measures religiosity in a given region.The South and Rust Belt score much lower than many regions of the country.）

18.Raj Chetty,et al.,“Equality of Opportunity Project.”Equality of Opportunity.”2014.http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org.（The authors’“Rel.Tot.variable”measures religiosity in a given region.The South and Rust Belt score much lower than many regions of the country.）

19.Carol Howard Merritt,“Why Evangelicalism Is Failing a New Generation,”The Huffington Post: Religion（May 2010）,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carol-howard-merritt/why-evangelicalism-is-fai_ b_503971.html.

20.Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America（New York: Scribner,2008）.

21.“Only 6% Rate News Media as Very Trustworthy,”Rasmussen Report.February 28,2013,http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/ politics/general_politics/february_2013/only_6_rate_news_media_as_very_ trustworthy（accessed November17,2015）.